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	<title>ICTSD &#187; Aid for Trade Programme</title>
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	<link>http://ictsd.org</link>
	<description>International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development</description>
	<pubDate>Thu, 24 May 2012 17:02:48 +0000</pubDate>
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	<language>en</language>
			<item>
		<title>Seminario Taller - La efectividad e impacto (al desarrollo) de la ayuda para el comercio: estudio sobre&#160;Guatemala</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/133787/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/133787/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 22 May 2012 15:15:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>interns</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Aid for Trade Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Events]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Dialogues]]></category>

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		<item>
		<title>Launch of LDC IV&#160;Monitor</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/123400/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/123400/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 20 Jan 2012 11:36:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>apfister</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Aid for Trade Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Competitiveness and Development Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Dialogue]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Events]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Dialogues]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=123400</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The LDC IV Monitor was recently established by a group of think tanks and academic institutions from LDC and partner countries to assess the implementation of the Istanbul Programme of Action (IPoA) for the Least Developed Countries.
Current partners are the Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) in Bangladesh, OECD Development Centre in Paris, Centre for Applied [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The <em><a href="http://www.ldc4monitor.org/">LDC IV Monitor</a> </em>was recently established by a group of think tanks and academic institutions from LDC and partner countries to assess the implementation of the Istanbul Programme of Action (IPoA) for the Least Developed Countries.<br />
Current partners are the Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) in Bangladesh, OECD Development Centre in Paris, Centre for Applied Economic Studies (CREA) in Senegal, Economic and Social Research Foundation (ESRF) in Tanzania, Foundation for International Development Study and Research (FERDI) in France, Galatasaray University (GSU) in Turkey, the Commonwealth Secretariat (ComSec) in London and the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) in Geneva.</p>
<p>The initiative aims to add value to the official follow-up and review mechanism of the IPoA, in line with the  IPoA’s  mandate.  Working  outside the official intergovernmental process, <em><a href="http://www.ldc4monitor.org/">LDC IV Monitor </a></em>provides credible, evidence-based and policy-oriented assessment of the state of delivery of the promises contained in the IPoA. It strives to enhance the transparency of the Istanbul follow-up process, promote accountability by development partners, agencies and national governments, and foster efficiency in the graduation of LDCs.</p>
<p>For more information and registration, please contact: coordinator@ldc4monitor.org</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Evaluating Aid for Trade on the Ground: Lessons from&#160;Nepal</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/122621/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/122621/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 19 Dec 2011 13:18:22 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Paolo Ghisu</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Aid for Trade Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Competitiveness and Development Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Publications]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Issue paper]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=122621</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[This paper is part of a research project that ICTSD has undertaken to assess the effectiveness and impact of aid for trade (AfT) at the country level. In doing so, ICTSD seeks to complement existing monitoring mechanisms led by the WTO and the OECD by providing a comprehensive and integrated picture of the unique experiences [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This paper is part of a research project that ICTSD has undertaken to assess the effectiveness and impact of aid for trade (AfT) at the country level. In doing so, ICTSD seeks to complement existing monitoring mechanisms led by the WTO and the OECD by providing a comprehensive and integrated picture of the unique experiences of individual countries in their effort to enhance their capacity to trade through AfT.</p>
<p>The paper assesses the effectiveness of the AfT initiative in Nepal. It demonstrates that AfT has played a role in enhancing the country’s export performance. Notably, AfT-supported capacity building programmes have, in some cases, improved the competitiveness of Nepali exporters and promoted small-scale industries for products such as tea, cardamom and ginger. However, the potential effectiveness of AfT in Nepal is also hampered by various factors, such as low absorptive capacity; limited progress in making AfT projects financially and institutionally sustainable; and the need for more ownership by government agencies and the private sector. Finally, building on the study’s findings, the paper provides concrete recommendations to assist Nepal in making AfT programmes more effective in achieving their trade and development goals.</p>
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		<title>Evaluating Aid for Trade on the Ground: Lessons from&#160;Cambodia</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/121705/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/121705/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Dec 2011 12:18:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Paolo Ghisu</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Aid for Trade Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Competitiveness and Development Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Publications]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Issue paper]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=121705</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[This paper is part of a research project that ICTSD has undertaken to assess the effectiveness and impact of aid for trade (AfT) at the country level. In doing so, ICTSD seeks to complement existing monitoring mechanisms led by the WTO and the OECD by providing a comprehensive and integrated picture of the unique experiences [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This paper is part of a research project that ICTSD has undertaken to assess the effectiveness and impact of aid for trade (AfT) at the country level. In doing so, ICTSD seeks to complement existing monitoring mechanisms led by the WTO and the OECD by providing a comprehensive and integrated picture of the unique experiences of individual countries in their effort to enhance their capacity to trade through AfT.<br />
The paper assesses the effectiveness of the AfT initiative in Cambodia. It shows that the AfT initiative have been so far effective in terms of expanding Cambodia’s trade capacities and in supporting the country’s economic reforms. The analysis also shows that there are many challenges that Cambodia needs to tackle to further enhance the effectiveness of the AfT initiative and sustain its efforts to reduce poverty. For instance, poor human and institutional capacity risks to make progresses achieved so far not sustainable. The paper finally provides some concrete recommendations intended to assist Cambodia in implementing AfT programmes more effectively and the donor community at both the local and international levels to better respond to the country’s development needs.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>La Efectividad e Impacto en el Desarrollo de la Ayuda Para el&#160;Comercio</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/119821/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/119821/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 28 Nov 2011 16:07:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Paolo Ghisu</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Aid for Trade Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Competitiveness and Development Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Events]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Dialogues]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=119821</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[ICTSD está  finalizando un estudio que evalúa  el impacto y la eficacia en el desarrollo de la ayuda para el comercio  en el Perú a través de la aplicación de un marco metodológico propuesto  por el Centro en colaboración con el “South Asia Watch on Trade,  Economics and Environment”. Como parte [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>ICTSD está  finalizando un estudio que evalúa  el impacto y la eficacia en el desarrollo de la ayuda para el comercio  en el Perú a través de la aplicación de un marco metodológico propuesto  por el Centro en colaboración con el “South Asia Watch on Trade,  Economics and Environment”. Como parte de este proyecto, ICTSD y la  Sociedad de Comercio Exterior del Perú (COMEXPERU) organizarán una  consulta nacional para presentar dicho estudio y discutirlo con los  principales actores locales e internacionales en materia de comercio  internacional.</p>
<p>Esa consulta es parte de un proyecto de investigación que ICTSD  está llevando a cabo en varios países para evaluar la  eficacia de la ayuda para el comercio en la práctica.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Evaluating Aid for Trade Effectiveness on the&#160;Ground</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/119066/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/119066/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Nov 2011 13:46:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>gpascolini</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Aid for Trade Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Competitiveness and Development Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Publications]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Issue paper]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=119066</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[This paper is part of a research project that ICTSD has undertaken to assess the effectiveness and impact of aid for trade (AfT) at the country level. In doing so, ICTSD seeks to complement existing monitoring mechanisms led by the WTO and the OECD by providing a comprehensive and integrated picture of the unique experiences [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This paper is part of a research project that ICTSD has undertaken to assess the effectiveness and impact of aid for trade (AfT) at the country level. In doing so, ICTSD seeks to complement existing monitoring mechanisms led by the WTO and the OECD by providing a comprehensive and integrated picture of the unique experiences of individual countries in their effort to enhance their capacity to trade through AfT.<br />
As part of this project, this paper develops a comprehensive methodological framework for conducting country-level assessments of the effectiveness of AfT. It proposes a series of qualitative and quantitative indicators to measure critical aspects of the initiative, such as the additionality and predictability of funds, trade mainstreaming, local ownership of the initiative and donors’ alignment and coordination. These objective indicators are complemented by an impact assessment of AfT at the macro level and in a particular sector or AfT category.<br />
While the methodology was developed for the purpose of conducting some pilot studies in Nepal, Cambodia, Malawi, Mauritius, and Peru, it can also be used as a basis for further studies in other countries or regions. Indeed, the framework developed in this paper aims to provide organisations interested in conducting country studies with a systematic approach to capture the unique experiences of individual countries in enhancing their trade capacity through AfT.</p>
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		<title>Aid for trade and the green economy in&#160;Africa</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/news/bioresreview/117748/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/news/bioresreview/117748/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 09 Nov 2011 15:52:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Andrew Aziz</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Aid for Trade Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Bridges Trade BioRes Review]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=117748</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The environmental challenges faced by most African countries hold the potential to derail their current developmental path. Their economies are reliant on agriculture, tourism and fisheries as these are among the largest sources of employment, economic growth and exports on the African continent. Yet, it is these selfsame sectors that are the most vulnerable to [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><img class="alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-117810" style="margin: 8px; border: 1px solid black;" title="African Green Economy" src="http://ictsd.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/africa_horizon-200x128.gif" alt="" width="200" height="128" />The environmental challenges faced by most African countries hold the potential to derail their current developmental path. Their economies are reliant on agriculture, tourism and fisheries as these are among the largest sources of employment, economic growth and exports on the African continent. Yet, it is these selfsame sectors that are the most vulnerable to climate change and other environmental risks. Development is further hampered by the lack of energy security and self-sustainability as the potential of renewable energy as a generator of economic growth and development has yet to be recognised. </em></p>
<p>Nonetheless, by choosing to address their shared environmental problems, the African continent has the opportunity to create a new economic growth path. Moving towards a green economy, based on sustainable policy measures and investment, would enhance the livelihoods of the poor through employment creation and the overall reduction of poverty.</p>
<p><strong>What is the green economy?</strong></p>
<p>A green economy can broadly be defined as an economy that results in improved human well-being and social equity while significantly reducing environmental risks and managing the ecological scarcities which can play such a pivotal role in the economy of most African countries. The benefits of such an economy are plentiful: from increasing the value derived from agricultural, fisheries and forest activities; to reducing the vulnerability of the poor to the impact of climate change and creating opportunities for new innovation; to increasing the sustainability of agriculture as well as enhancing eco-tourism opportunities. A green economy will also provide cleaner sources of energy to rural communities and promote sustainable urbanisation.</p>
<p>By shifting African economies towards a green economy model it is possible to enhance economic growth and human development by creating the opportunity for green growth and employment, all the while minimising the exposure of future generations to the extreme dangers posed by environmental risks. All this notwithstanding, a key question remains – how can African countries transition their current economic framework to one of a green economy without burdening the current generation with the high cost of transformation?</p>
<p>International trade is seen as an integral component in the toolset aimed at sustainable development and the transition to a green economy. However, enhanced market access opportunities on their own are not enough. The transition requires financial and technical assistance; a possible avenue for this is through Aid for Trade progammes to increase Africa’s participation in international trade while concurrently strengthening environmental goods and services trade-related infrastructure and minimising supply-side constraints.[1]</p>
<p><strong>What role for Aid for Trade?</strong></p>
<p>The Aid for Trade initiative comprises development assistance programmes offered by developed countries to support the development of basic economic infrastructure and tools in developing and least-developed countries (LDCs). The initiative is organised under the auspices of the WTO and is aimed to expand trade and allow LDCs to participate more effectively in the global trading system. Aid for Trade seeks to enhance the capacity and capabilities of suppliers in developing countries by: improving their competitiveness in international markets; enabling developing countries to reach their developmental goals; and harness the potential of trade as an engine for economic growth.[2]</p>
<p>At its core, Aid for Trade supports trade liberalisation through technical assistance to improve the capacity of developing countries to export by utilising efficient infrastructure and institutions. Without reducing pre-existing supply-side and infrastructural constraints prevalent in developing countries, the potential positive impact international trade-related reforms and improved market access conditions can have on economic development and poverty alleviation are limited.</p>
<p>There are six categories traditionally covered by the Aid for Trade initiative:</p>
<ul>
<li>Trade policy and regulation, including assistance with the implementation of trade agreements and institutions required to comply with rules and standards;</li>
<li>Trade development like trade finance, business facilitation and trade investment promotion;</li>
<li>Trade-related infrastructure which includes all forms of physical infrastructure like roads, transport and storage, communications and energy but excludes water supply and sanitation;</li>
<li>Building productive capacity entails any activity which contributes to improving a country’s ability to produce goods and services;</li>
<li>Trade-related adjustment which are measures that mitigate the economic cost of trade liberalisation; and</li>
<li>Other trade-related needs</li>
</ul>
<p>For the purposes of the African economies’ move towards a green economy model, the most important category appears to be “improvement of trade-related infrastructure.”[3]</p>
<p><strong>Aid for Trade in an African green economy transition</strong></p>
<p>For any Aid for Trade initiative to be successful in transitioning African economies towards a green economy, the initiative must ultimately create trade conditions that will lead to sustainable development. The focus should thus be on the improvement of environmental conditions and poverty alleviation. This can be achieved by assisting African countries to maintain their existing market share as well as opening up new export markets for African economies in environmentally-friendly goods and services.</p>
<p>Aid for Trade programmes can be provided in different sectors of the economy and take on various forms:</p>
<ul>
<li>Capacity building initiatives to develop an analytical framework to assess the impact of trade agreements and policies on all areas of the economy, including the environment and the natural resources of a country;</li>
<li>Developing productive capabilities in specific green economic sectors;</li>
<li>Building the necessary capacity to support sustainable production and process methods in African countries;</li>
<li>Assistance in identifying viable and feasible markets for environmentally-friendly goods and services;</li>
<li>Building the technical capacity of countries to meet the standards, regulations and requirements applicable to trade in environmental goods; and</li>
<li>The investment in specific sectors like renewable energies, agriculture, tourism and forestry.</li>
</ul>
<p>Specific areas of the African economy, in which Aid for Trade programmes can make a significant contribution towards greening the economy, include agriculture, water resources, energy and ecotourism. Aid directed towards these sectors would mainly fall under the Aid for Trade categories of improvement of economic infrastructure and building of productive capacity. Infrastructure projects that can be associated with a green economy include renewable energy programmes and the enhancement of water resources through the construction of dams and modernisation of water distribution systems. Programmes in the area of greening agriculture and developing ecotourism could be classified under the Aid for Trade category of building productive capacity. Aid could be utilised for agricultural research, soil rehabilitation, changes in crop mix, the development of climate change resistant crops and the development and promotion of eco-tourism services.</p>
<p>Eco-tourism, or tourism in natural surroundings, can be a very important source of green growth for African countries given the natural endowment of most in this regard. Eco-tourism is generally built on community-led tourism activities and operations that preserve the natural eco-system, while generating employment for unskilled labourers in rural communities. These activities normally do not require vast capital outlays and investment, making it an ideal industry for fostering economic growth in African countries with natural resource abundance and capital scarcity.[4]</p>
<p>Such Aid for Trade initiatives would recognise the complex relationship between trade and the environment. Trade and trade-related policies can have a significant impact on the environment, but the environment can also impact trade. This is particularly true for African economies, which, are highly dependent on exports of natural resources and agricultural products as a source of economic growth and development.</p>
<p><strong>Concerns in the transition to a green economy</strong></p>
<p>The shift towards a green economy holds huge economic and social potential for countries in the region. There are, however, some obstacles that are inherent to the current basis of African economies which challenge the attainment of green-led growth and development. The fundamental challenge of moving to a green economy, faced by all African countries, is improving employment, wealth and social services while lowering the absolute utilisation of, and dependence on, non-renewable natural resources, as well as shifting to a low-carbon energy system.</p>
<p>Due to the uneven distribution of natural resources through the different African countries in the region, the shift to a green economy will need to take place without regional displacement of resources. A transition to a green economy requires a significant investment to facilitate the necessary structural changes. These include changing the production function, improving infrastructure, and enhancing technological capacity and capabilities. These challenges represent a gap in current Aid for Trade programmes supported by developed countries.[5]</p>
<p>The structural constraints of African countries — including their high dependency on agriculture, limited access to energy and low economic diversification — must be addressed in order to facilitate the shift towards a green economy. Evaluation is a necessary part of any attempt to address trade-related challenges. Environmental regulations, standards, labelling and certification standards applicable to the trade in environmentally-friendly goods must all be taken into account and analysed. The same holds true for potential unilateral border tax adjustments to protect domestic firms, and green subsidies in the importing market.</p>
<p>African countries need to enhance their ability to address all these measures in order to be able to fully benefit from new market access opportunities available under a greener economy.</p>
<p><strong>Looking forward</strong></p>
<p>Developed and developing countries can utilise the lessons learned from previous experiences with the Aid for Trade initiative to ensure success in, future, greener programmes. It has been amply demonstrated in the past, by initiatives in any sector in the economy, that there is no one-size-fits-all model able to incorporate Aid for Trade in the economy. The differing economic structures, institutions, economic growth rates and stages of development of the African economies must be carefully considered. Programmes must complement a country’s national development and economic programmes, future plans and structures. The Aid for Trade programme should: be fully integrated into the overall development and poverty alleviation strategies of the country.</p>
<p>Any initiative must create clear and transparent criteria for monitoring the attainment of goals, targets and timelines. Initiatives must be strictly needs-based, building integrated analytical and assessment capacities, stakeholder participation and policy-making and implementation capabilities. One of the most important factors required for a successful transition to a green economy through Aid for Trade is an enabling of the domestic environment by including supportive domestic regulations, legislation, financial assistance and technological advancement.[6]</p>
<ol>
<li><em>UNCTAD (2010). The Green Economy: Trade and Sustainable Development Implications</em></li>
<li><em>Najam, A. (2009). ‘Aid for Trade for Sustainable Development’. In: de Lombaerde, P. and Purdi, L. (Eds.) Aid for Trade: Global and Regional Perspectives. UN University Series on Regionalism, Volume 2.</em></li>
<li><em>Ancharaz, Vinaye Dey and Riad A. Sultan (2010). Aid for Trade and Climate Change Financing Mechanisms: Best Practices and Lessons for LDCs and SVEs in Africa, ICTSD Programme on Competitiveness and Sustainable Development, Issue Paper 10.</em></li>
<li><em>UNEP (2011). Why a Green Economy matters for the Least-Developed Countries.</em></li>
<li><em>Economic Report on Africa 2011. Chapter 3: Selected Current and Emerging Development Issues in Africa in 2010.</em></li>
<li><em>UNCTAD (2008). Aid for Trade and Development: Global and Regional Perspectives.</em></li>
</ol>
<p><em>Willemien Viljoen is Researcher at Tralac Trade Law Centre.</em></p>
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		<title>Evaluating Aid for Trade on the Ground: Lessons from&#160;Malawi</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/117610/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/117610/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 07 Nov 2011 16:26:05 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Paolo Ghisu</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Aid for Trade Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Competitiveness and Development Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Publications]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Issue paper]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=117610</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[This paper is part of a research project that ICTSD has undertaken to assess the effectiveness and impact of aid for trade (AfT) at the country level. In doing so, ICTSD seeks to complement existing monitoring mechanisms led by the WTO and the OECD by providing a comprehensive and integrated picture of the unique experiences [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This paper is part of a research project that ICTSD has undertaken to assess the effectiveness and impact of aid for trade (AfT) at the country level. In doing so, ICTSD seeks to complement existing monitoring mechanisms led by the WTO and the OECD by providing a comprehensive and integrated picture of the unique experiences of individual countries in their effort to enhance their capacity to trade through AfT.</p>
<p>This paper assesses the effectiveness of the AfT initiative in Malawi, one of the least-developed and most agricultural-based nations in the world, on the basis of ICTSD/SAWTEE independent methodological framework. It highlights both the progress achieved so far in mainstreaming trade but also the challenges associated with a lack of local ownership and the need to tackle the core factors that are required to build Malawi’s absorptive and institutional capacities. It finally provides some concrete recommendations intended to assist Malawi in implementing AfT programmes more effectively and the donor community at both the local and international levels to better respond to the country’s development needs.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Editorial</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/a4t/116275/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/a4t/116275/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 18 Oct 2011 09:52:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>kguddoy</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Aid for Trade Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Eclairage]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=116275</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[La Commission européenne a annoncé le 30 septembre avoir soumis au Parlement européen et au Conseil une proposition de révision du Règlement d’accès au marché 1528 qui accorde un accès en franchise de droit et hors contingent aux pays négociant un APE. La proposition de la CE mettrait fin à ce libre  accès pour [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>La Commission européenne a annoncé le 30 septembre avoir soumis au Parlement européen et au Conseil une proposition de révision du Règlement d’accès au marché 1528 qui accorde un accès en franchise de droit et hors contingent aux pays négociant un APE. La proposition de la CE mettrait fin à ce libre  accès pour les pays n’ayant pas pris les mesures nécessaires à la ratification ou à la mise en œuvre de leur APEI. Voir notre mise à jour spéciale en page 2.</p>
<p>L’Aide pour le commerce (APC) a été cet été au cœur de l’agenda de la communauté du commerce et du développement avec le troisième Examen global de l’APC qui s&#8217;est tenu à Genève au mois de juillet.  Éclairage a choisi de souligner, une fois l’effervescence retombée, certaines des conclusions et informations ressortant de cet événement.</p>
<p>Le numéro de ce mois-ci présente une interview exclusive de Pascal Lamy, qui nous donne son avis et partage des informations précieuses sur l’agenda de l’APC et l’Examen global. Nous l’interrogeons également sur les conséquences possibles de l’impasse de Doha, du nouvel équilibre des puissances, du ralentissement économique et de la prolifération des accords commerciaux préférentiels sur l’avenir du système commercial multilatéral.</p>
<p>Éclairage présente également une interview d’Ibrahim Assane Mayaki, directeur général de l’Agence du NEPAD. Il explique les actions en cours, et la façon de procéder, dans le cadre du NEPAD et du PDDAA pour la promotion de l’intégration régionale, des échanges régionaux et de l’agriculture.</p>
<p>Deborah Barker<em> </em>de l’OMC dresse le décor pour ce numéro spécial, revenant sur les réalisations de l’Examen global de cette année et soulignant ce qui reste à faire.</p>
<p>Frank Lammersen évoque ensuite le tableau général se dégageant des plus de 260 cas d’expérience soumis dans le cadre de la préparation du « Panorama de l’Aide pour le commerce » publié à l’occasion du troisième Examen global.</p>
<p>Richard Newfarmer du Centre international pour la croissance, et Olivier Cadot de l’université de Lausanne, sont à l’origine de notre troisième article, qui nous rappelle la diversité des formes prises par l’APC et appelle à une évaluation de ses impacts à travers de multiples approches, un « prisme analytique ».</p>
<p>Dans un article provocateur, Sheila Page de l’ODI soutient que certaines formes d’assistance de l’APC posent de sérieux problèmes de conflits d’intérêts, et invite  les pays bailleurs de fonds à se pencher sur leurs propres politiques pour les rendre plus favorables aux exportations en provenance des pays en développement. Elle note également certains manquements dans les domaines du soutien à l’APC.</p>
<p>Rishabh Kumar Dhir d’ICTSD présente les premières conclusions issues des évaluations par pays de l’APC pour Maurice et le Malawi.</p>
<p>Poursuivant sur le thème de l’évaluation de l’APC et de la mesure des réussites, Claire Delpeuch, Patrick Messerlin et leurs collègues déplorent l’absence au sein des évaluations d’APC d’analyses plus poussées sur la causalité des projets. Ils suggèrent que chaque évaluation comporte des objectives ex-antes et ex-post clairs et quantifiables afin d’améliorer la mesure des effets de l’APC.</p>
<p>Se référant au cas du Malawi, Jonathan Said, économiste principal au sein d’Imani Development, appelle à une meilleure intégration réciproque de la « logique » propre aux communautés du secteur privé et du développement pour un meilleur fonctionnement de l’APC.</p>
<p>Enfin, Simon Itaye examine les succès de l’APC et en tire des leçons pour des interventions réussies, s’appuyant sur la participation du secteur privé.</p>
<p>Vos commentaires et propositions d’articles sont toujours les bienvenus. N’hésitez pas à nous en faire part aux adresses suivantes : <a href="mailto:tni@ictsd.ch">tni@ictsd.ch</a> ou <a href="mailto:tni@ecdpm.org">tni@ecdpm.org</a>.  Pour souscrire un abonnement électronique  à TNI/Éclairage, cliquez <a href="http://ictsd.org/news/eclairage/">ici </a>.</p>
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		<title>MISE À JOUR SPÉCIALE : la Commission européenne renforce la pression sur la négociation des&#160;APE</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/a4t/116267/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/a4t/116267/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 18 Oct 2011 09:30:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>kguddoy</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Aid for Trade Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Eclairage]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=116267</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[La Commission européenne a annoncé le 30 septembre que les pays ayant conclu un accord de partenariat économique (APE) avec l&#8217;UE sans prendre les mesures nécessaires à la ratification et à la mise en œuvre de celui-ci ne pourront plus bénéficier du Règlement d&#8217;accès aux marchés à compter du 1er janvier 2014. Si les pays [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>La Commission européenne a annoncé le 30 septembre que les pays ayant conclu un accord de partenariat économique (APE) avec l&#8217;UE sans prendre les mesures nécessaires à la ratification et à la mise en œuvre de celui-ci ne pourront plus bénéficier du Règlement d&#8217;accès aux marchés à compter du 1er janvier 2014. Si les pays en développement concernés ne ratifient pas un APE avant cette nouvelle échéance, ils pourraient potentiellement perdre leur libre accès au marché européen.</p>
<p><a href="http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2011/september/tradoc_148215.pdf"><strong>Cette proposition</strong></a> devrait apporter une nouvelle impulsion à l&#8217;état actuel des négociations APE. À ce jour, 18 pays seulement, sur les 36 pays d&#8217;Afrique, des Caraïbes et du Pacifique ayant négocié des APE en 2007, ont pris ce que la Commission appelle « les mesures nécessaires » en vue de la ratification de ces accords.</p>
<p><strong>La lenteur des progrès du processus APE pousse l&#8217;UE </strong><strong>à</strong><strong> r</strong><strong>é</strong><strong>agir</strong></p>
<p>Les APE sont censés fournir une réciprocité dans les échanges commerciaux, promouvoir le développement durable et favoriser un renforcement de l&#8217;intégration régionale en encourageant les pays d&#8217;Afrique, des Caraïbes et du Pacifique à négocier avec l&#8217;UE dans le cadre de groupements régionaux.</p>
<p>Depuis le lancement des négociations APE en 2002, avec la date du 1er janvier 2008 retenue comme échéance de mise en conformité du régime commercial CE-ACP avec les règles de l&#8217;OMC, les progrès ont été plus lents que prévus, avec un seul APE complet signé entre la CE et le CARIFORUM en 2008. Le processus de mise en œuvre de l&#8217;APE CARIFORUM-CE semble néanmoins avoir stagné depuis lors, un problème largement attribué à l&#8217;insuffisance  de capacités institutionnelles.</p>
<p><strong>Le règlement de l&#8217;UE offre un accès en franchise de droits et hors contingent depuis 2008 </strong></p>
<p>Avec l&#8217;expiration du régime commercial de l&#8217;Accord ACP-UE de Cotonou en 2008, le règlement d&#8217;accès au marché (RAM) 1528/2007 de l&#8217;UE  accorde un accès en franchise de droit et hors contingent (FDHC) aux 36 pays ACP. Ce règlement d&#8217;accès au marché (RAM) exige que les pays ACP concernés signent, ratifient et mettent en œuvre leur APE « dans un délai raisonnable. »</p>
<p>Malgré les objectifs de développement des APE, leur conclusion a été continuellement retardée au fil des ans pour devenir depuis une source de tension entre l&#8217;UE et les pays ACP, et laisser la totalité du processus en pleine confusion. Les pays ACP participant aux négociations ont toujours été réticents à rejoindre les APE pour toutes sortes de raisons, qu&#8217;il s&#8217;agisse entre autres de la concurrence accrue des importations européennes, de l&#8217;inclusion d&#8217;une clause NPF, de l&#8217;interprétation de l&#8217;exigence de l&#8217;OMC concernant « l&#8217;essentiel des échanges commerciaux » ou des clauses de non-exécution.</p>
<p>Les pays ACP n&#8217;ayant pas conclu d&#8217;APE intérimaire n&#8217;ont pas connu jusqu&#8217;à présent de perturbations de leurs échanges commerciaux, ayant la possibilité de retomber soit dans le régime de « tout sauf les armes » (TSA) soit dans le régime standard du Schéma de préférences généralisées (SPG) de l&#8217;UE.</p>
<p>La CE explique cette nouvelle proposition en affirmant que le RAM avait depuis toujours vocation à être « une solution temporaire et non une facilité permanente. » Selon l&#8217;UE, cette décision vise à remettre les relations commerciales ACP-UE en ligne avec les règles de l&#8217;OMC, tout en maintenant équilibre et équité à l&#8217;égard des autres pays en développement, ACP ou non-ACP.</p>
<p><strong>Les cons</strong><strong>é</strong><strong>quences pour les pays ACP concern</strong><strong>é</strong><strong>s </strong></p>
<p>Sur les 36 pays ACP bénéficiant du RAM, 18 pays insulaires (Madagascar, Maurice, les Seychelles, la Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée et 14 pays caribéens) ont pris les mesures nécessaires en vue de la ratification des accords paraphés. Ces pays continueront de bénéficier comme par le passé d&#8217;un accès en franchise de droits et hors contingent au marché de l&#8217;UE.</p>
<p>La situation devient toutefois plus critique pour les 18 autres pays n&#8217;ayant pas signé leurs accords, ou ne les appliquant pas encore. Ces pays devront prendre les « mesures nécessaires » en vue de la ratification des APE existants ou conclure de nouveaux accords régionaux avec l&#8217;UE.</p>
<p>À défaut, les pays préférant se passer d&#8217;un APE se trouveront confrontés à toute une gamme de diverses situations, en fonction des arrangements existants avec le bloc européen des 27.</p>
<p>Neuf PMA - le Burundi, les Comores, Haïti, le Lesotho, le Mozambique, le Rwanda, la Tanzanie, l&#8217;Ouganda et la Zambie - continueront de bénéficier d&#8217;un accès FDHC à l&#8217;UE au titre de l&#8217;initiative TSA.</p>
<p>Sept pays à faible revenu ou à revenu moyen-inférieur - le Cameroun, Fidji, le Ghana, la Côte d&#8217;Ivoire, le Kenya, le Swaziland et le Zimbabwe -  pourraient encore bénéficier du régime SPG, dont la réforme est également prévue pour 2014.</p>
<p>Enfin, deux derniers pays, le Botswana et la Namibie, actuellement classés dans les pays à revenu moyen-supérieur par la Banque mondiale sur la base de leur revenu national brut par habitant - ne bénéficieraient plus d&#8217;aucune préférence si leur statut de pays à revenu moyen-supérieur se trouve maintenu après l&#8217;entrée en vigueur en 2014 du nouveau SPG de l&#8217;UE.</p>
<p><strong>Les risques </strong><strong>é</strong><strong>ventuels d&#8217;une pr</strong><strong>é</strong><strong>cipitation des pourparlers APE </strong></p>
<p>Les observateurs craignent que d&#8217;éventuelles décisions précipitées en vue de la conclusion des négociations APE puissent compromettre gravement l&#8217;intégration régionale et entraîner des effets négatifs en matière de développement. En effet, les pays appartenant à une même région ne partagent pas forcément la même position concernant la conclusion d&#8217;un APE avec l&#8217;UE, en raison de degrés variés de développement et de croissance économique.</p>
<p>La mise en œuvre effective de ces accords pourrait également s&#8217;avérer difficile si certains pays adoptent l&#8217;agenda des APE plus par peur de perturbations dans leurs échanges commerciaux qu&#8217;en raison de considérations stratégiques de développement.</p>
<p>Entretemps, les acteurs émergents comme la Chine, l&#8217;Inde et le Brésil ont eux-mêmes changé la donne en se présentant vis-à-vis de ces pays comme une alternative à l&#8217;UE, tout en posant moins de conditions. L&#8217;implication grandissante de ces économies émergentes en Afrique est par exemple déjà en train de changer les conditions du développement à travers l&#8217;apport d&#8217;investissements, de financements du développement et de nouvelles perspectives commerciales (voir le numéro spécial d&#8217;<a href="http://ictsd.org/downloads/eclairage/tni_fr_10-3.pdf">Éclairage</a>).</p>
<p><strong>Pour plus d&#8217;information </strong></p>
<p>Les principaux aspects de la proposition sont disponibles <a href="http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2011/september/tradoc_148215.pdf"><strong>ici</strong></a>.</p>
<p>D&#8217;autres articles sur ce sujet peuvent être consultés sur le blog « Talking Point » d&#8217;ECDPM <a href="http://www.ecdpm-talkingpoints.org/epa-negotiations-the-honeymoon-is-over/"><strong>« EPA Negotiations: The honeymoon is over&#8230; »</strong></a>; dans Éclairage <a href="http://ictsd.org/i/news/eclairage/96292/"><strong>« Pris dans la tempête, les APE couleront-ils? » </strong></a> et <a href="http://ictsd.org/i/news/eclairage/90329/"><strong>« APE: Perdre ses amis ou le risque d&#8217;un retour de bâton »</strong></a> <a name="_GoBack"></a>d&#8217;I. Ramdoo et S.Bilal.</p>
<p>D&#8217;autres informations de référence sont disponibles sur ce <a href="http://www.acp-eu-trade.org/"><strong>site</strong></a>.</p>
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