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	<title>ICTSD &#187; Health</title>
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	<link>http://ictsd.org</link>
	<description>International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development</description>
	<pubDate>Wed, 19 Jun 2013 08:39:10 +0000</pubDate>
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		<title>Local production for access to medical products: Developing a framework to improve public&#160;health</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/121560/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/121560/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 09 Dec 2011 15:56:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>interns</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Health]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Publications]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Intellectual Property Programme]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=121560</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The framework presented here provides an entry point for supporting the local production of medicines, vaccines and diagnostics in a manner that should improve access to those medical products maximizing the potential to improve public health.
This framework is the output of work commissioned and undertaken by the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Conference [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The framework presented here provides an entry point for supporting the local production of medicines, vaccines and diagnostics in a manner that should improve access to those medical products maximizing the potential to improve public health.</p>
<p>This framework is the output of work commissioned and undertaken by the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and a range of stakeholders working in the fields of public health, industrial policy and development. It is supported by funding from the European Union.</p>
<p>By the WHO</p>
<p><a href="http://www.who.int/phi/publications/local_production_policy_framework/en/index.html">Original Link</a></p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Local production for access to medical products: Developing a framework to improve public&#160;health</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/ip/121551/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/ip/121551/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 09 Dec 2011 15:51:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>interns</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Health]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Intellectual Property Programme]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=121551</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The framework presented here provides an entry point for supporting the local production of medicines, vaccines and diagnostics in a manner that should improve access to those medical products maximizing the potential to improve public health.
This framework is the output of work commissioned and undertaken by the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Conference [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The framework presented here provides an entry point for supporting the local production of medicines, vaccines and diagnostics in a manner that should improve access to those medical products maximizing the potential to improve public health.</p>
<p>This framework is the output of work commissioned and undertaken by the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and a range of stakeholders working in the fields of public health, industrial policy and development. It is supported by funding from the European Union.</p>
<p>By the WHO</p>
<p><a href="http://www.who.int/phi/publications/local_production_policy_framework/en/index.html">Original Link</a></p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>WIPO Patent Committee Looks at Public Health, Tech&#160;Transfer</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/news/biores/107621/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/news/biores/107621/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 30 May 2011 18:43:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Andrew Aziz</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Bridges Trade BioRes]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Health]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Intellectual Property Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Technology Transfer]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=107621</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Intergovernmental talks at the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) plodded forward as countries debated patents and public health, technology transfer, and exceptions and limitations to patents. The 16-20 May meeting of WIPO&#8217;s Standing Committee on the Law of Patents (SCP) often saw developed countries and developing countries at odds; nevertheless, some compromise was reached and [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Intergovernmental talks at the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) plodded forward as countries debated patents and public health, technology transfer, and exceptions and limitations to patents. The 16-20 May meeting of WIPO&#8217;s Standing Committee on the Law of Patents (SCP) often saw developed countries and developing countries at odds; nevertheless, some compromise was reached and most countries felt &#8220;optimistic about the way forward&#8221;.</p>
<p>The SCP session, the last before WIPO&#8217;s annual General Assembly in September, was chaired by Albert Tramposch, from the US Patent and Trademark Office. His election caused some controversy after a number of developing countries alleged that Tramposch was favouring developed countries in the negotiations while being quick to dismiss developing country proposals.</p>
<p><strong>Patents and public health proposal makes some headway</strong></p>
<p>One of the most important topics addressed during the week-long session was a <a href="http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/scp/en/scp_16/scp_16_7.pdf"><strong>proposal</strong></a> by the African Group and the Development Agenda Group (DAG)&#8217;s for a work programme on patents and health aimed at boosting the capacities of member states to take full advantage of flexibilities in international intellectual property rules.</p>
<p>The DAG, which consists of around 20 developing country members including Brazil, Egypt, India, and Indonesia, aims to mainstream development concerns into all aspects of WIPO&#8217;s work.</p>
<p>Arguing that &#8220;the patent system should be consistent with fundamental public policy priorities and in particular the promotion and protection of public health,&#8221; the 20-point proposal comprises three main elements: commissioning of studies by independent experts, increasing information exchange, and enhancing technical assistance (especially to developing countries and LDCs). The work programme would enable them to &#8220;adapt their patent regimes to make full use of the flexibilities available in the international patent system.&#8221;</p>
<p>International intellectual property rules typically include built-in measures affording governments latitude to deviate from standard protections under a variety of situations. One flexibility in WTO rules, for instance, gives countries the right to effectively break patents for public health and other purposes. However, very few developing countries make full use of such flexibilities, because they lack the national policy infrastructure to implement these measures. And many bilateral and regional trade agreements include intellectual property provisions that go far beyond those in the WTO&#8217;s Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), such as exclusive protection for clinical test data for drugs that delay the entry of generic competitors into the market.</p>
<p>The proposal affirms that bilateral and regional trade agreements should not restrict the use of TRIPS flexibilities if public health is to be protected.</p>
<p>Brazil, who forms a part of the DAG, noted that the proposal is &#8220;very much in line with WIPO Development Agenda Recommendation 22″, which states that WIPO should address in its norm-setting activities issues such as &#8220;potential flexibilities, exceptions and limitations for Member States&#8221; and &#8220;the possibility of additional special provisions for developing countries and LDCs.&#8221;</p>
<p>South Africa, speaking on behalf of the African Group, made clear that &#8220;underpinning the Development Agenda recommendations is the need to address the asymmetrical relations between IPR holders and public use.&#8221;</p>
<p>Chair Tramposch referred to the proposal as &#8220;comprehensive and well thought out.&#8221;</p>
<p>Hungary, on behalf of the EU, argued it was important to avoid duplication of work already done in other UN agencies like the WHO or the WTO in the areas of public health and patents and within WIPO itself. Representatives from all three organisations presented work already undertaken, including a WIPO patent-scoping study on patents in relation to pandemic influenza.</p>
<p>Developing countries, however, countered that existing work was not taking place in an &#8220;intergovernmental format,&#8221; as their project proposed.</p>
<p>In a statement, Knowledge Economy International, an NGO, supported the African Group/ DAG proposal, and stressed that &#8220;there can be no realistic expectation of universal access to life saving medicines and other medical technologies unless governments can issue or threaten to issue compulsory licenses to patents, and take other steps to enable competition for products.&#8221;</p>
<p><strong>Consensus on technology transfer study reached after unforeseen challenge</strong></p>
<p>Last week&#8217;s talks were marked by surprise as India, on behalf of the Development Agenda Group, proposed unexpected changes to an updated study on technology transfer, claiming that it had failed to address patents as barriers to technology transfer. In India&#8217;s view, the report was therefore biased towards only the positive elements of patents.</p>
<p>The study&#8217;s intention, as stated in the WIPO document presented to member states, had been &#8220;to contextualise various issues relating to transfer of technology in a holistic matter, and contains no conclusions.&#8221;</p>
<p>India proposed that a team of experts evaluate obstacles to technology transfer beyond those covered in the initial study. However, this proposal sparked substantial resistance from the US and other developed countries, which argued that framing the issue in such a way was &#8220;not neutral and presupposes the outcome of the study.&#8221;</p>
<p>Countries later agreed to the WIPO Secretariat hosting a seminar on the issue on margins of the next SCP, as part of WIPO&#8217;s seminar series on economics. Tramposch assured countries that &#8220;a couple of days after the seminar a summary of the proceedings would be posted on the website of WIPO&#8217;s chief economist.&#8221;</p>
<p>In the end, India said it was content with the compromise reached and was glad that &#8220;the SCP has started an important and necessary discussion,&#8221; but reiterated that &#8220;the issue of technology transfer is at the heart of the fundamental trade-off inherent in the patent system.&#8221;</p>
<p>Similarly, other developing countries said they &#8220;looked forward to translating these discussions into meaningful efforts,&#8221; while developed countries accepted the consensus but cautioned to avoid the duplication of efforts in all areas of WIPO.</p>
<p><strong>Patent quality and exceptions and limitations discussed</strong></p>
<p>Earlier in the week, Canada and the United Kingdom put forth a proposal on patent quality, focusing on technical infrastructure development, information exchanges, and process improvement.</p>
<p>According to the proposal, enforcing patent quality means that patent offices would ensure that the patents they grant &#8220;meet the standards that foster the policy objectives of the patent system.&#8221; It contends that focusing on patent quality will further the aims of the Development Agenda, and that patent quality is &#8220;a key aspect of how the patent system functions in order to deliver economic and social policy objectives.&#8221;</p>
<p>Many developing countries fear that this may mean efforts towards global patent system harmonisation, which could adversely affect countries without the same level of infrastructure as some developed countries. South Africa highlighted this point and asked &#8220;the SCP to take into account the different levels of development among Member States.&#8221;</p>
<p>Another subject of debate last week was exceptions and limitations to patent rights. Discussions focused particularly on a draft questionnaire prepared by the WIPO Secretariat intended &#8220;to facilitate the exchange of information on exceptions and limitations provided in national and regional laws.&#8221;</p>
<p>The questionnaire arose from a proposal made by Brazil at an earlier SCP session, and was meant to survey different policies as a first step towards understanding exceptions and limitations at the national and regional levels. The questionnaire included questions relating to private and/or non-commercial use, preparation of medicines, use of articles on foreign vessels, and compulsory licensing among others.</p>
<p>Many developing countries view exceptions and limitations as a powerful tool to further access to knowledge in particular, enriching human resources and facilitating economic growth.</p>
<p>In addition to the questionnaire, countries considered a summary of an experts&#8217; study on exclusions, exceptions and limitations commissioned by the WIPO Secretariat in 2009. The study provided further basis for the discussion, though some developed countries felt that there was a need to better define possible exceptions before carrying on<strong> </strong>with the questionnaire exercise.</p>
<p>Brazil stated that they felt that the study and the draft questionnaire were both &#8220;very positive first steps,&#8221; but urged countries to keep in mind that these are only preliminary steps towards exploring the issue of exceptions and limitations.</p>
<p>ICTSD reporting. &#8220;The Use of Flexibilities in TRIPS by Developing Countries: Can They Promote Access to Medicines?&#8221; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION COMMISSION ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS, INNOVATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH, August 2005; &#8220;WIPO Members Discuss Patent Quality, Public Health, Exceptions&#8221; IP WATCH, 17 May 2011.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>IP and Regional Trade Agreements: drawing lessons from the recent EU RTAs from a Latin American&#160;perspective</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/86244/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/86244/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 08 Oct 2010 12:11:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Maximiliano Chab</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Andean]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Asia]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Caribbean]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[EPAs]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[EPAs and Regionalism Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[EU]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[FTAs]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[GIs]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Health]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Dialogues]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Intellectual Property Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Pacific]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[The Americas]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=86244</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Earlier this year the European Union (EU) concluded trade negotiations with Colombia and Peru and, later, with six Central American countries (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Panama) which had started in 2007. The provisions on IP have been characterized as the most controversial components of these trade agreements. Similar developments could be [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Earlier this year the European Union (EU) concluded trade negotiations with Colombia and Peru and, later, with six Central American countries (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Panama) which had started in 2007. The provisions on IP have been characterized as the most controversial components of these trade agreements. Similar developments could be observed in other recently concluded FTAs.</p>
<p>The meeting will allow participants to exchange views on the recent trade negotiations between the EU and Andean and Central American countries on intellectual property issues. International experts from Europe and Latin America will share their thoughts on the provisions on enforcement, public health, geographical indications, and biodiversity contained in the Agreements with Geneva-based negotiators and other stakeholders.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Dialogue on Technology Transfer for Local Manufacturing Capacity of&#160;Diagnostics</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/85604/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/85604/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 27 Sep 2010 19:52:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Andrew Aziz</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Dialogue]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Events]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Health]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Dialogues]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Intellectual Property Programme]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=85604</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The World Health Organisation (WHO), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and The London School of Hygiene &#38; Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) are holding a Dialogue on Technology Transfer For Local Manufacturing Capacity Of Diagnostics, which will take place on 4th and 5th October 2010, in Divonne, France.
The [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The World Health Organisation (WHO), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and The London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) are holding a Dialogue on Technology Transfer For Local Manufacturing Capacity Of Diagnostics, which will take place on 4th and 5th October 2010, in Divonne, France.</p>
<p>The meeting will bring together a selected group of international experts and policy-makers as well as other relevant stakeholders, including test developers and manufacturers, with the aim of examining existing and new incentives, models, and initiatives to facilitate transfer of technology for local manufacturing of diagnostics to meet local public health needs.</p>
<p>The meeting forms part of a broader project led by the WHO and its partners (with the support of the EU) with the objective of increasing access, especially of poor and least developed countries, to diagnosis, medicines and vaccines for poverty related, tropical, and communicable as well as non-communicable diseases through the promotion of technology transfer for local manufacturing.</p>
<p>Building on several research activities undertaken by WHO, UNCTAD, ICTSD and LSHTM including a stakeholder and trends analysis, mapping of new models and initiatives, and a set of case studies on existing technology transfer activities, the meeting aims to identify the core requirements as well as the main challenges and options in promoting transfer of technology for local production in relation to diagnostics.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Latin American Dialogue on Technology Transfer for Local Manufacturing Capacity on Drugs and&#160;Vaccines</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/71722/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/71722/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 08 Mar 2010 15:23:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>mfourage</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Dialogue]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Events]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Health]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Dialogues]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Intellectual Property Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Technology Transfer]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=71722</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The “Latin American Dialogue on Technology Transfer for Local Manufacturing Capacity on Drugs and Vaccines”, organised by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) with the support of the WHO in Buenos Aires on 18 - 19 March 2010, will bring together a [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The “Latin American Dialogue on Technology Transfer for Local Manufacturing Capacity on Drugs and Vaccines”, organised by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) with the support of the WHO in Buenos Aires on 18 - 19 March 2010, will bring together a select group of international experts, firm representatives, policy-makers and relevant stakeholders from the region. The meeting forms part of a broader project led by the WHO, UNCTAD and ICTSD with the support of the EU with the objective of increasing access, especially of poor and excluded segments of society, to medicines and vaccines of the poverty related, tropical, neglected and non-communicable diseases through technology transfer in local manufacturing.</p>
<p>The objectives of the Dialogue are awareness-building and tangible progress in the implementation of the WHO Global strategy and plan of action on public health and intellectual property, with emphasis in the:</p>
<p>* Analysis of existing and exploration of new incentives, models, and initiatives to facilitate transfer of technology in local manufacturing for public health purposes;<br />
* Identification of core requirements and challenges for promoting technology transfer in local manufacturing;<br />
* Consideration of main regional options for promoting transfer of technology in local production.</p>
<p>Building on existing work and recent initiatives undertaken by WHO, UNCTAD and ICTSD the meeting will pay particular attention to the examination of recent trends and existing models but focus primarily on informal interactive sessions designed to identify core requirements as well the main lessons, challenges and options for promoting transfer of technology in local production in the region.</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>New Book: Medicamentos y propiedad&#160;intelectual</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/68155/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/68155/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 29 Jan 2010 09:48:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Tamara Asamoah</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Case study]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Digital Library]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[FTAs]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Health]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Publications]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Intellectual Property Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Regional and Bilateral Trade Agreements]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=68155</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Descargar Documento
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En los últimos años, los acuerdos de libre comercio entre países desarrollados, especialmente Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea, y países en vías de desarrollo han aumentado rápidamente. En su mayoría, dichos acuerdos [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><a href="http://www.ictsd.org/downloads/ip/Medicamentos_y_Propiedad Intelectual-re_co_columns.pdf">Descargar Documento</a></strong></p>
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<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>En los últimos años, los acuerdos de libre comercio entre países desarrollados, especialmente Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea, y países en vías de desarrollo han aumentado rápidamente. En su mayoría, dichos acuerdos han incluido normas y capítulos específicos sobre la propiedad intelectual que van más allá de los estándares mínimos establecidos en el acuerdo sobre los aspectos de los derechos de propiedad intelectual relacionados con el comercio (ADPIC). Estas normas han sido denominadas como “ADPIC-plus”. Dependiendo de su contenido, dichas normas pueden afectar las flexibilidades y excepciones incorporadas en el ADPIC a fin de salvaguardar objetivos de salud pública como el acceso a los medicamentos.</p>
<p>Dentro del campo de la salud pública, las normas “ADPIC-plus” pueden llegar a afectar los precios y la oferta de medicamentos y por ende su acceso en países en desarrollo, especialmente  los más pobres. Asimismo, estas normas podrían interferir a grandes rasgos con la competencia tanto a nivel de la producción como de la distribución de medicamentos.</p>
<p>Muchos países en desarrollo han adquirido mayores obligaciones internacionales en materia de propiedad intelectual como moneda de cambio para consolidar preferencias comerciales existentes o aumentar el acceso de sus productos agrícolas e industriales. En algunos casos, estas obligaciones han sido incluso interpretadas como necesarias para la consolidación de reformas en curso, la modernización de la economía, y la imagen “positiva” de país que, según algunos actores, la subscrición de acuerdos comerciales adjudica.</p>
<p>Sin embargo, los beneficios comerciales esperados de la adhesión e implementación de las normas “ADPIC-Plus” han estado en su mayoría basados en valoraciones subjetivas y/o consideraciones políticas más que en evaluaciones empíricas que determinen con mayor precisión los posibles costos y beneficios.</p>
<p>Como consecuencia de esta tendencia y, en particular dadas las preocupaciones manifestadas por agentes sociales vinculados con el acceso a medicamentos, se planteó la necesidad de realizar evaluaciones empíricas sobre el impacto de las normas “ADPIC-plus”. Una de las metodologías elaboradas para la evaluación de este tipo de impacto es el Modelo Agregado de Evaluación del Impacto de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual, generado y promovido inicialmente con apoyo de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud en el año 2005. Este modelo fue revisado y corregido en una reunión de expertos organizada por el Centro Internacional para el Comercio y Desarrollo Sostenible (ICTSD, por sus siglas en inglés), la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), el Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y, el Instituto del Banco Mundial (IBM) en mayo de 2008.</p>
<p>Hasta ahora, un número limitado de estudios de impacto ha sido realizado usando el Modelo Agregado de Evaluación del Impacto para determinar los efectos de las normas “ADPIC-plus” en el mercado farmacéutico de Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, India y Tailandia. Estos estudios han permitido generar insumos sobre el nivel de impacto en materia de precios, gasto público, consumo y competencia. A medida que más países en desarrollo han comenzado y en algunos casos finalizado nuevas negociaciones comerciales, la aplicación de la metodología revisada ofrece indicaciones útiles para evaluar intercambios en las negociaciones comerciales en curso. Por otro lado, provee una idea de los costos que se generarán como consecuencia de estos compromisos, su implementación, así como la mitigación de los impactos sociales.</p>
<p>Es bajo este contexto que en el Diálogo Regional Centroamericano de Propiedad Intelectual y de Desarrollo Sostenible  organizado por el ICTSD y co-patrocinado por la UNCTAD, el instituto del Banco Mundial, la CEPAL y el CINPE en mayo de 2006 y con vistas a la negociación y futura implementación del Acuerdo de Cooperación Económica entre los Estados Unidos, Centroamérica, y República Dominicana (US-CAFTA-DR, por sus siglas en inglés), que el ICTSD recibió solicitudes de varios países de la región para que se realizasen evaluaciones nacionales de impacto de normas de propiedad intelectual como consecuencia de este futuro acuerdo sobre el mercado farmacéutico de la región. Dos casos piloto fueron seleccionados: Costa Rica y República Dominicana.</p>
<p>A fin de generar mayor precisión en la evaluación de impacto y de mejorar las opciones de implementación y mitigación de este acuerdo, el ICTSD y la Fundación Plenitud, prepararon el presente estudio piloto titulado “Estimación del impacto de los nuevos estándares de propiedad intelectual en el precio de los medicamentos en la República Dominicana”. Este estudio consiste en una aplicación del Modelo Agregado de Evaluación de Impacto revisado en 2008. El estudio piloto constituye un útil instrumento para evaluar el efecto a futuro de ciertas normas de propiedad intelectual.  En este sentido, el propósito de la aplicación de este modelo es determinar el impacto a largo plazo de las normas “ADPIC-Plus” acordadas en el US-CAFTA-DR sobre los precios y, consecuentemente, sobre el gasto nacional en medicamentos (y/o la reducción de su consumo). Igualmente, este estudio pretende contribuir al proceso de mitigación de tal impacto y servir de referencia de cara a otros procesos de negociación.</p>
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			<wfw:commentRss>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/68155/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<item>
		<title>Evaluación del Impacto de las Disposiciones de ADPIC + en el Mercado Institucional de Medicamentos de Costa&#160;Rica</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/68413/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/68413/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 26 Jan 2010 15:34:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Maximiliano Chab</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Digital Library]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[FTAs]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Health]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Publications]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Intellectual Property Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Issue paper]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Regional and Bilateral Trade Agreements]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=68413</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[En los últimos años, los acuerdos de libre comercio entre países desarrollados, especialmente los de los Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea, y países en vías de desarrollo han aumentado rápidamente. En su mayoría, dichos acuerdos han incluido normas y capítulos específicos sobre la propiedad intelectual que van más allá de los estándares mínimos establecidos [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>En los últimos años, los acuerdos de libre comercio entre países desarrollados, especialmente los de los Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea, y países en vías de desarrollo han aumentado rápidamente. En su mayoría, dichos acuerdos han incluido normas y capítulos específicos sobre la propiedad intelectual que van más allá de los estándares mínimos establecidos en el Acuerdo sobre los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual Relacionados con el Comercio (ADPIC). Estas normas han sido denominadas como “ADPIC-Plus”. Dependiendo de su contenido y forma de implementación, dichas normas pueden afectar las flexibilidades y excepciones incorporadas en el ADPIC a fin de salvaguardar objetivos de salud pública como el acceso a los medicamentos. Asimismo, estas normas podrían interferir con la competencia tanto a nivel de la producción como de la distribución de medicamentos.</p>
<p>Muchos países en desarrollo han adquirido mayores obligaciones internacionales en materia de propiedad intelectual, como moneda de cambio para consolidar preferencias comerciales existentes, o aumentar el acceso de sus productos agrícolas e industriales. En algunos casos, estas obligaciones han sido incluso interpretadas como necesarias para la consolidación de reformas en curso, la modernización de la economía, y la imagen “positiva” de país que, según algunos actores, la suscripción de acuerdos comerciales adjudica.</p>
<p>Sin embargo, los beneficios comerciales esperados de la adhesión e implementación de las normas “ADPIC-Plus” han estado en su mayoría basados en valoraciones subjetivas y/o consideraciones políticas más que en evaluaciones empíricas que determinen con mayor precisión los posibles costos y beneficios.</p>
<p>Como consecuencia de esta tendencia y, en particular dadas las preocupaciones manifestadas por agentes sociales vinculados con el acceso a medicamentos, se planteó la necesidad de realizar evaluaciones empíricas sobre el impacto de las normas “ADPIC-Plus”. Una de las metodologías elaboradas para la evaluación de este tipo de impacto es el Modelo Agregado de Evaluación del Impacto de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual, generado y promovido inicialmente con apoyo de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud en el año 2005. Este modelo fue revisado y corregido en una reunión de expertos organizada por el Centro Internacional sobre Comercio y Desarrollo Sostenible (ICTSD), la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), el Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y, el Instituto del Banco Mundial (IBM) en mayo del 2008.</p>
<p>Hasta ahora, un número limitado de estudios de impacto ha sido realizado usando el Modelo Agregado de Evaluación del Impacto para determinar los efectos de las normas “ADPIC-Plus” en el mercado farmacéutico de Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, India y Tailandia. Estos estudios han permitido generar insumos sobre el nivel de impacto en materia de precios, gasto público, consumo y competencia. A medida que más países en desarrollo han comenzado y en algunos casos finalizado nuevas negociaciones comerciales, la aplicación de la metodología revisada ofrece indicaciones útiles para evaluar intercambios en las negociaciones comerciales en curso. Por otro lado, provee una idea de los costos que se generarán como consecuencia de estos compromisos, su implementación, así como la mitigación de los impactos sociales y económicos.</p>
<p>Es bajo este contexto que en el diálogo regional Centro Americano de Propiedad Intelectual y de Desarrollo Sostenible organizado por el ICTSD y co-patrocinado por la UNCTAD, el Instituto del Banco Mundial, la CEPAL y el CINPE en mayo de 2006 y con vistas a la negociación e implementación del Tratado de Libre Comercio entre los Estados Unidos, Centroamérica, y República Dominicana (CAFTA-DR, por sus siglas en inglés), que el ICTSD recibió solicitudes de varios países de la región para que se realizasen evaluaciones nacionales de impacto de normas de propiedad intelectual como consecuencia de este futuro acuerdo sobre el mercado farmacéutico de la región. Dos casos piloto fueron seleccionados: Costa Rica y República Dominicana.</p>
<p>A fin de generar mayor precisión en la evaluación de impacto y de mejorar las opciones de implementación y mitigación de este acuerdo, el ICTSD y el CINPE, prepararon el presente estudio piloto titulado “Evaluación del Impacto de las Disposiciones de ADPIC + en el Mercado Institucional de Medicamentos de Costa Rica”. Este estudio consiste en una aplicación del Modelo Agregado de Evaluación de Impacto revisado en el 2008. El propósito de la aplicación de este modelo es determinar el impacto a largo plazo de varios escenarios de implementación de las normas “ADPIC-Plus” acordadas en el CAFTA-DR sobre los precios y, consecuentemente, sobre el gasto nacional en medicamentos (y/o la reducción de su consumo). Igualmente, este estudio pretende contribuir al proceso de mitigación de tal impacto y servir de referencia de cara a otros procesos de negociación.</p>
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			<wfw:commentRss>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/68413/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<item>
		<title>African Dialogue on Technology Transfer for Local Manufacturing Capacity on Drugs and&#160;Vaccines</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/64337/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/64337/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 07 Dec 2009 13:44:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>mfourage</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Events]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Health]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Dialogues]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Intellectual Property Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Technical cooperation]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Technology Transfer]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=64337</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The workshop -convened in the context of the follow up to the WHO Global strategy and plan of action on public health, innovation and intellectual property- is organized by the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) in collaboration with the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), and with the support of [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The workshop -convened in the context of the follow up to the WHO Global strategy and plan of action on public health, innovation and intellectual property- is organized by the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) in collaboration with the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), and with the support of the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the European Union (EU) Commission.</p>
<p>It will bring together a selected group of international experts and policy-makers as well as other relevant stakeholders from Africa in order to explore existing and new incentives, models, and initiatives to facilitate transfer of technology in local manufacturing for public health purposes. The workshop will focus on informal interactive sessions designed to identify core requirements as well the main challenges and options for Africa in promoting transfer of technology in local production.</p>
<p>This workshop forms part of a broader project with the objective of increasing access, especially of poor and least developed countries, to medicines and vaccines of the poverty related, tropical, and neglected as well as non-communicable diseases through the promotion of technology transfer in local manufacturing.</p>
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			<wfw:commentRss>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/64337/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
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		<item>
		<title>Workshop on Flexibilities in International Intellectual Property Rules and Local Production of Pharmaceuticals for the Southern Central and West African&#160;Region</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/62974/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/62974/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 01 Dec 2009 10:27:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Maximiliano Chab</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Events]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Health]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Dialogues]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Participates]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Intellectual Property Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Technical cooperation]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Technology Transfer]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=62974</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The workshop is organized by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and Capacity Building International (InWent) in collaboration with the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and the Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa (Tralac).
The workshop is designed to improve the understanding [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The workshop is organized by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and Capacity Building International (InWent) in collaboration with the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and the Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa (Tralac).</p>
<p>The workshop is designed to improve the understanding of the provisions of the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) as they relate to measures for the protection of public health and their implications for local production of pharmaceuticals. The workshop targets local pharmaceutical producers, government officials (ministries of health, trade and industry, intellectual property offices, drug registration authorities and investment promotion agencies), civil society and academia.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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