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	<title>ICTSD &#187; Intellectual Property Programme</title>
	<atom:link href="http://ictsd.org/go/ip/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>http://ictsd.org</link>
	<description>International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development</description>
	<pubDate>Thu, 11 Mar 2010 17:28:48 +0000</pubDate>
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	<language>en</language>
			<item>
		<title>Latin American Dialogue on Technology Transfer for Local Manufacturing Capacity on Drugs and&#160;Vaccines</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/71722/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/71722/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 08 Mar 2010 15:23:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>mfourage</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Dialogue]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Digital Library]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Events]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Health]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Dialogues]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Intellectual Property Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Technology Transfer]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=71722</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The “Latin American Dialogue on Technology Transfer for Local Manufacturing Capacity on Drugs and Vaccines”, organised by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) with the support of the WHO in Buenos Aires on 18 - 19 March 2010, will bring together a [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The “Latin American Dialogue on Technology Transfer for Local Manufacturing Capacity on Drugs and Vaccines”, organised by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) with the support of the WHO in Buenos Aires on 18 - 19 March 2010, will bring together a select group of international experts, firm representatives, policy-makers and relevant stakeholders from the region. The meeting forms part of a broader project led by the WHO, UNCTAD and ICTSD with the support of the EU with the objective of increasing access, especially of poor and excluded segments of society, to medicines and vaccines of the poverty related, tropical, neglected and non-communicable diseases through technology transfer in local manufacturing.</p>
<p>The objectives of the Dialogue are awareness-building and tangible progress in the implementation of the WHO Global strategy and plan of action on public health and intellectual property, with emphasis in the:</p>
<p>* Analysis of existing and exploration of new incentives, models, and initiatives to facilitate transfer of technology in local manufacturing for public health purposes;<br />
* Identification of core requirements and challenges for promoting technology transfer in local manufacturing;<br />
* Consideration of main regional options for promoting transfer of technology in local production.</p>
<p>Building on existing work and recent initiatives undertaken by WHO, UNCTAD and ICTSD the meeting will pay particular attention to the examination of recent trends and existing models but focus primarily on informal interactive sessions designed to identify core requirements as well the main lessons, challenges and options for promoting transfer of technology in local production in the region.</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Foresight into the Future of WIPO’s Development&#160;Agenda</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/71668/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/71668/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 05 Mar 2010 17:54:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>mfourage</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Dialogues]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Intellectual Property Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[WIPO]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=71668</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The EDGE Network on the Emerging Global Dynamic Economies, the  International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD), and IQsensato are organizing a workshop entitled &#8220;Foresight into the Future of WIPO’s Development Agenda&#8221; which will take place at La Barcarolle, Prangins, Switzerland (March 18-20).
This workshop will bring together a number of delegates, experts, representatives of [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The EDGE Network on the Emerging Global Dynamic Economies, the  International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD), and IQsensato are organizing a workshop entitled &#8220;Foresight into the Future of WIPO’s Development Agenda&#8221; which will take place at La Barcarolle, Prangins, Switzerland (March 18-20).</p>
<p>This workshop will bring together a number of delegates, experts, representatives of international organizations and civil society to discuss, in an informal setting, the challenges facing the implementation of the WIPO Development Agenda.</p>
<p>The objectives of the workshop are the following:</p>
<p>· Determine and evaluate progress implementing the Development Agenda since the adoption of recommendations in 2007.</p>
<p>· Construct and analyze various scenarios related to the possible futures of the Development Agenda, and back-cast to determine appropriate strategic courses of action.</p>
<p>· Establish the groundwork to publish a series of policy-oriented research papers exploring the possible futures of the Development Agenda, and proactive strategies for achieving positive results.</p>
<p>· Scope and discuss options for funding and executing a sustainable second phase of the EDGE Network and its partners’ research project focused on monitoring and aiding implementation of the Development Agenda.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Geneva Trade and Biodiversity&#160;Day</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/71583/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/71583/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 04 Mar 2010 14:21:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>bshaffer</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Agriculture]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Agriculture Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Biodiversity]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Biofuels]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Climate Change]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Dialogue]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Energy and Climate Change Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Environment]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Environment and Natural Resources Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Events]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Fisheries]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Forests]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Dialogues]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[IPRs]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Intellectual Property Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[MEAs]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=71583</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[
In the spirit of the International Year of Biodiversity and with a view towards the Rio-plus-20 Summit in 2012, the International Center for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) are pleased to organise a &#8220;Trade and Biodiversity Day&#8221; to explore the growing intersection between trade and biodiversity policy in [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p>In the spirit of the International Year of Biodiversity and with a view towards the Rio-plus-20 Summit in 2012, the International Center for Trade and Sustainable Development (<strong>ICTSD</strong>) and the United Nations Environmental Program (<strong>UNEP) </strong>are pleased to organise a &#8220;<strong>Trade and Biodiversity Day&#8221; </strong>to explore the growing intersection between trade and biodiversity policy in the promotion of sustainable development.</p>
<p>From WTO negotiations on fisheries subsidies to the reduction of tariffs and certification schemes for trade in forest products, trade policies have strong implications for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity around the globe. Similarly, talks on an international regime on access and benefit-sharing that are underway under the Convention on Biological Diversity could have an impact on existing multilateral trade rules. However, despite the common ground that has emerged in recent years in trade and biodiversity policy-making, a profusion of rhetoric and a lack of coherence has prevented each group of actors from fully realizing the importance of the others&#8217; activities, resulting in little analysis, knowledge or information on the impact of multilateral trade rules on biodiversity and on how biodiversity policies impact on trade and poverty reduction. It is against this background that the Trade and Biodiversity Day seeks to identify and explore key issues at the trade and biodiversity nexus and provide inputs to the perceived lack of synergies between the two policy communities, thereby assuring that trade and biodiversity rules are mutually supportive and work together for sustainable development.</p>
<p>Specifically, the Trade and Biodiversity Day aims to:</p>
<ul class="unIndentedList">
<li> Improve understanding among the trade and biodiversity communities of how the pursuit of their respective goals and objectives might complement or hinder each other;</li>
<li> Provide information, analysis and knowledge on the impact of multilateral trade rules on biodiversity and how biodiversity policies impact on trade and poverty reduction,</li>
<li> Promote policy coherence in the multi-governmental fora, including the WTO, the CBD, and WIPO, especially with regards to negotiations on an international benefit-sharing regime;</li>
</ul>
<ul type="disc">
<li>Explore the synergies between trade policy and      biodiversity as it relates to sectoral themes, including agriculture,      intellectual property, fisheries and climate change</li>
<li>Share the outcomes of UNEP&#8217;s Trade and Biodiversity Initiative which      assisted countries to assess the impact of trade liberalization on      agricultural biodiversity.</li>
<li>And facilitate synergies between trade and biodiversity policy-making      that results in tools that are complementary to the objectives of both      communities.</li>
</ul>
<p>This important gathering will be held on <strong>March 26th, 2010</strong> at the World Meteorological Organization (<strong>WMO</strong>). The individual sessions will bring together Geneva negotiators, international organisations, civil society and academia in an effort to foster interaction among policy makers involved in different fora, as well as with those influencing policy-making processes.</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Dialogo Andino Sobre “Medidas Relacionadas con la Biodiversidad y el Sistema de Propiedad&#160;Intelectual”</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/71489/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/71489/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 03 Mar 2010 19:02:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>bshaffer</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Biodiversity]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Dialogue]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Environment and Natural Resources Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Events]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[GIs]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[General]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Dialogues]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[IPRs]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Intellectual Property Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Natural Resources]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Technical cooperation]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=71489</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Desde la adopción del Acuerdo de la OMC sobre los Aspectos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio (ADPIC), las tensiones entre el objetivo de promover el uso sostenible de los recursos biológicos y el tipo de incentivos creados por el nuevo régimen mundial de propiedad intelectual han estado presentes en los debates internacionales.
Garantizar la [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Desde la adopción del Acuerdo de la OMC sobre los Aspectos de Propiedad Intelectual relacionados con el Comercio (ADPIC), las tensiones entre el objetivo de promover el uso sostenible de los recursos biológicos y el tipo de incentivos creados por el nuevo régimen mundial de propiedad intelectual han estado presentes en los debates internacionales.</p>
<p>Garantizar la coherencia entre los objetivos y las disposiciones de la Convención sobre la Diversidad Biológica (CDB), como las relacionadas con el acceso a los recursos genéticos y la distribución de beneficios, y las normas sobre patentes y variedades vegetales previstas en el Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC, han llevado a repetidos llamamientos para la reforma.</p>
<p>Los países ricos en biodiversidad han sido los principales solicitantes de una reforma que incorpore una serie de garantías en el régimen de patentes contra el acceso ilegal y el uso  de los recursos genéticos y conocimientos tradicionales asociados. Estas solicitudes se han presentado en diversos foros, incluyendo la OMC, la OMPI, la CDB, y más recientemente en los acuerdos comerciales regionales y bilaterales.</p>
<p>Algunos avances  se han podido concretar en esta materia. Por ejemplo, las negociaciones en la OMC se impulsaron luego de que en julio de 2008 una propuesta para modificar el Acuerdo sobre los ADPIC e incorporar la divulgación del origen, y potencialmente evidencia de la existencia de consentimiento fundamentado previo (CFP) y el acceso y participación en los beneficios (APB) fuera apoyada por más de 110 países.  Sin embargo  el debate no ha avanzado considerablemente en otros foros a pesar de varios años sucesivos de intensas discusiones.</p>
<p>Es en este contexto que ICTSD, BMZ, GTZ y entidades locales emprenden una serie de diálogos a nivel regional para brindar un apoyo más profundo que permita crear sinergias entre la propiedad intelectual y la biodiversidad. Los objetivos de estos diálogos son precisamente:</p>
<p>1.      Proporcionar una plataforma para que los diferentes interesados examinen las preocupaciones regionales, el conocimiento necesario y las áreas prioritarias para la acción en los ámbitos político y técnico respecto a la relación entre los derechos de propiedad intelectual y el uso sostenible de los recursos biológicos.</p>
<p>2.      Identificar a corto y largo plazo las necesidades de asistencia técnica sobre esta materia que prevalecen a nivel regional.</p>
<p>El primer diálogo de esta serie tuvo lugar en Heredia, Costa Rica, del 17 al 19 de noviembre de 2009.</p>
<p>El segundo diálogo se titula <strong>&#8220;Medidas Relacionadas con la Biodiversidad y el Sistema de Propiedad Intelectual&#8221;</strong> y tendría lugar en <strong>Lima, Peru</strong>, del <strong>10 al 12 de marzo 2010</strong>. Reunirá  a actores claves en la creación e implementación de las políticas, representantes del sector privado, instituciones de investigación, representantes de la sociedad civil y de los grupos indígenas de Suramérica; con el apoyo de expertos regionales y del sector académico.</p>
<p>El programa de este importante diálogo regional está disponible en: <a href="http://ictsd.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/agenda-tentativa-10-al-12-de-marzo.pdf">Agenda Tentativa</a></p>

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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Cambodia National Consultation on IP Needs Assessment and&#160;Policy</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/69453/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/events/dialogues/69453/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 02 Feb 2010 10:20:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Alexandre Gagnaire</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Events]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Dialogues]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Participates]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Intellectual Property Programme]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=69453</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) are holding, in collaboration with the Government of Cambodia, a national workshop on the country&#8217;s IP Needs Assessment and IP Policy, 09:00 to 17:00, February 3rd, 2010.
The objective of the workshop is to see the inputs [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) are holding, in collaboration with the Government of Cambodia, a national workshop on the country&#8217;s IP Needs Assessment and IP Policy, 09:00 to 17:00, February 3rd, 2010.</p>
<p>The objective of the workshop is to see the inputs and views of the relevant national stakeholders dealing with IP issues in order to prepare an assessment of IP technical cooperation needs for Cambodia as well as a development dimension of intellectual property report (DDIP).</p>
<p>In its decision of 29 November 2005 extending the transition period for least-developed countries (LDCs) to implement the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), the World Trade Organization (WTO) Council for TRIPS also invited LDC Members to provide as much information as possible to the Council on their individual priority needs for technical and financial co-operation in order to assist them in taking steps necessary for the future implementation of the Agreement.</p>
<p>In this context, ICTSD received a request from Cambodia&#8217;s Ministry of Trade to provide assistance to conduct a technical and financial cooperation needs assessment in order to respond to the TRIPS Council decision. At the same time, UNCTAD also received a request from the Ministry for Trade to provide assistance in the elaboration of a development dimension of intellectual property report (DDIP). UNCTAD and ICTSD have agreed to pool resources to carry out these activities.</p>
<p>The workshop of February 3rd will be followed by interviews with key stakeholders.</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>New Book: Medicamentos y propiedad&#160;intelectual</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/68155/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/68155/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 29 Jan 2010 09:48:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Tamara Asamoah</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Case study]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Digital Library]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[FTAs]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Health]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Publications]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Intellectual Property Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Regional and Bilateral Trade Agreements]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=68155</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Descargar Documento
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En los últimos años, los acuerdos de libre comercio entre países desarrollados, especialmente Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea, y países en vías de desarrollo han aumentado rápidamente. En su mayoría, dichos acuerdos [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><a href="http://www.ictsd.org/downloads/ip/Medicamentos_y_Propiedad Intelectual-re_co_columns.pdf">Descargar Documento</a></strong></p>
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<p><strong> </strong></p>
<p>En los últimos años, los acuerdos de libre comercio entre países desarrollados, especialmente Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea, y países en vías de desarrollo han aumentado rápidamente. En su mayoría, dichos acuerdos han incluido normas y capítulos específicos sobre la propiedad intelectual que van más allá de los estándares mínimos establecidos en el acuerdo sobre los aspectos de los derechos de propiedad intelectual relacionados con el comercio (ADPIC). Estas normas han sido denominadas como “ADPIC-plus”. Dependiendo de su contenido, dichas normas pueden afectar las flexibilidades y excepciones incorporadas en el ADPIC a fin de salvaguardar objetivos de salud pública como el acceso a los medicamentos.</p>
<p>Dentro del campo de la salud pública, las normas “ADPIC-plus” pueden llegar a afectar los precios y la oferta de medicamentos y por ende su acceso en países en desarrollo, especialmente  los más pobres. Asimismo, estas normas podrían interferir a grandes rasgos con la competencia tanto a nivel de la producción como de la distribución de medicamentos.</p>
<p>Muchos países en desarrollo han adquirido mayores obligaciones internacionales en materia de propiedad intelectual como moneda de cambio para consolidar preferencias comerciales existentes o aumentar el acceso de sus productos agrícolas e industriales. En algunos casos, estas obligaciones han sido incluso interpretadas como necesarias para la consolidación de reformas en curso, la modernización de la economía, y la imagen “positiva” de país que, según algunos actores, la subscrición de acuerdos comerciales adjudica.</p>
<p>Sin embargo, los beneficios comerciales esperados de la adhesión e implementación de las normas “ADPIC-Plus” han estado en su mayoría basados en valoraciones subjetivas y/o consideraciones políticas más que en evaluaciones empíricas que determinen con mayor precisión los posibles costos y beneficios.</p>
<p>Como consecuencia de esta tendencia y, en particular dadas las preocupaciones manifestadas por agentes sociales vinculados con el acceso a medicamentos, se planteó la necesidad de realizar evaluaciones empíricas sobre el impacto de las normas “ADPIC-plus”. Una de las metodologías elaboradas para la evaluación de este tipo de impacto es el Modelo Agregado de Evaluación del Impacto de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual, generado y promovido inicialmente con apoyo de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud en el año 2005. Este modelo fue revisado y corregido en una reunión de expertos organizada por el Centro Internacional para el Comercio y Desarrollo Sostenible (ICTSD, por sus siglas en inglés), la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), el Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y, el Instituto del Banco Mundial (IBM) en mayo de 2008.</p>
<p>Hasta ahora, un número limitado de estudios de impacto ha sido realizado usando el Modelo Agregado de Evaluación del Impacto para determinar los efectos de las normas “ADPIC-plus” en el mercado farmacéutico de Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, India y Tailandia. Estos estudios han permitido generar insumos sobre el nivel de impacto en materia de precios, gasto público, consumo y competencia. A medida que más países en desarrollo han comenzado y en algunos casos finalizado nuevas negociaciones comerciales, la aplicación de la metodología revisada ofrece indicaciones útiles para evaluar intercambios en las negociaciones comerciales en curso. Por otro lado, provee una idea de los costos que se generarán como consecuencia de estos compromisos, su implementación, así como la mitigación de los impactos sociales.</p>
<p>Es bajo este contexto que en el Diálogo Regional Centroamericano de Propiedad Intelectual y de Desarrollo Sostenible  organizado por el ICTSD y co-patrocinado por la UNCTAD, el instituto del Banco Mundial, la CEPAL y el CINPE en mayo de 2006 y con vistas a la negociación y futura implementación del Acuerdo de Cooperación Económica entre los Estados Unidos, Centroamérica, y República Dominicana (US-CAFTA-DR, por sus siglas en inglés), que el ICTSD recibió solicitudes de varios países de la región para que se realizasen evaluaciones nacionales de impacto de normas de propiedad intelectual como consecuencia de este futuro acuerdo sobre el mercado farmacéutico de la región. Dos casos piloto fueron seleccionados: Costa Rica y República Dominicana.</p>
<p>A fin de generar mayor precisión en la evaluación de impacto y de mejorar las opciones de implementación y mitigación de este acuerdo, el ICTSD y la Fundación Plenitud, prepararon el presente estudio piloto titulado “Estimación del impacto de los nuevos estándares de propiedad intelectual en el precio de los medicamentos en la República Dominicana”. Este estudio consiste en una aplicación del Modelo Agregado de Evaluación de Impacto revisado en 2008. El estudio piloto constituye un útil instrumento para evaluar el efecto a futuro de ciertas normas de propiedad intelectual.  En este sentido, el propósito de la aplicación de este modelo es determinar el impacto a largo plazo de las normas “ADPIC-Plus” acordadas en el US-CAFTA-DR sobre los precios y, consecuentemente, sobre el gasto nacional en medicamentos (y/o la reducción de su consumo). Igualmente, este estudio pretende contribuir al proceso de mitigación de tal impacto y servir de referencia de cara a otros procesos de negociación.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Evaluación del Impacto de las Disposiciones de ADPIC + en el Mercado Institucional de Medicamentos de Costa&#160;Rica</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/68413/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/68413/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 26 Jan 2010 15:34:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Maximiliano Chab</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Digital Library]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[FTAs]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Health]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Publications]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Intellectual Property Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Issue paper]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Regional and Bilateral Trade Agreements]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=68413</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[En los últimos años, los acuerdos de libre comercio entre países desarrollados, especialmente los de los Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea, y países en vías de desarrollo han aumentado rápidamente. En su mayoría, dichos acuerdos han incluido normas y capítulos específicos sobre la propiedad intelectual que van más allá de los estándares mínimos establecidos [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>En los últimos años, los acuerdos de libre comercio entre países desarrollados, especialmente los de los Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea, y países en vías de desarrollo han aumentado rápidamente. En su mayoría, dichos acuerdos han incluido normas y capítulos específicos sobre la propiedad intelectual que van más allá de los estándares mínimos establecidos en el Acuerdo sobre los Aspectos de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual Relacionados con el Comercio (ADPIC). Estas normas han sido denominadas como “ADPIC-Plus”. Dependiendo de su contenido y forma de implementación, dichas normas pueden afectar las flexibilidades y excepciones incorporadas en el ADPIC a fin de salvaguardar objetivos de salud pública como el acceso a los medicamentos. Asimismo, estas normas podrían interferir con la competencia tanto a nivel de la producción como de la distribución de medicamentos.</p>
<p>Muchos países en desarrollo han adquirido mayores obligaciones internacionales en materia de propiedad intelectual, como moneda de cambio para consolidar preferencias comerciales existentes, o aumentar el acceso de sus productos agrícolas e industriales. En algunos casos, estas obligaciones han sido incluso interpretadas como necesarias para la consolidación de reformas en curso, la modernización de la economía, y la imagen “positiva” de país que, según algunos actores, la suscripción de acuerdos comerciales adjudica.</p>
<p>Sin embargo, los beneficios comerciales esperados de la adhesión e implementación de las normas “ADPIC-Plus” han estado en su mayoría basados en valoraciones subjetivas y/o consideraciones políticas más que en evaluaciones empíricas que determinen con mayor precisión los posibles costos y beneficios.</p>
<p>Como consecuencia de esta tendencia y, en particular dadas las preocupaciones manifestadas por agentes sociales vinculados con el acceso a medicamentos, se planteó la necesidad de realizar evaluaciones empíricas sobre el impacto de las normas “ADPIC-Plus”. Una de las metodologías elaboradas para la evaluación de este tipo de impacto es el Modelo Agregado de Evaluación del Impacto de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual, generado y promovido inicialmente con apoyo de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud en el año 2005. Este modelo fue revisado y corregido en una reunión de expertos organizada por el Centro Internacional sobre Comercio y Desarrollo Sostenible (ICTSD), la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), el Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y, el Instituto del Banco Mundial (IBM) en mayo del 2008.</p>
<p>Hasta ahora, un número limitado de estudios de impacto ha sido realizado usando el Modelo Agregado de Evaluación del Impacto para determinar los efectos de las normas “ADPIC-Plus” en el mercado farmacéutico de Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, India y Tailandia. Estos estudios han permitido generar insumos sobre el nivel de impacto en materia de precios, gasto público, consumo y competencia. A medida que más países en desarrollo han comenzado y en algunos casos finalizado nuevas negociaciones comerciales, la aplicación de la metodología revisada ofrece indicaciones útiles para evaluar intercambios en las negociaciones comerciales en curso. Por otro lado, provee una idea de los costos que se generarán como consecuencia de estos compromisos, su implementación, así como la mitigación de los impactos sociales y económicos.</p>
<p>Es bajo este contexto que en el diálogo regional Centro Americano de Propiedad Intelectual y de Desarrollo Sostenible organizado por el ICTSD y co-patrocinado por la UNCTAD, el Instituto del Banco Mundial, la CEPAL y el CINPE en mayo de 2006 y con vistas a la negociación e implementación del Tratado de Libre Comercio entre los Estados Unidos, Centroamérica, y República Dominicana (CAFTA-DR, por sus siglas en inglés), que el ICTSD recibió solicitudes de varios países de la región para que se realizasen evaluaciones nacionales de impacto de normas de propiedad intelectual como consecuencia de este futuro acuerdo sobre el mercado farmacéutico de la región. Dos casos piloto fueron seleccionados: Costa Rica y República Dominicana.</p>
<p>A fin de generar mayor precisión en la evaluación de impacto y de mejorar las opciones de implementación y mitigación de este acuerdo, el ICTSD y el CINPE, prepararon el presente estudio piloto titulado “Evaluación del Impacto de las Disposiciones de ADPIC + en el Mercado Institucional de Medicamentos de Costa Rica”. Este estudio consiste en una aplicación del Modelo Agregado de Evaluación de Impacto revisado en el 2008. El propósito de la aplicación de este modelo es determinar el impacto a largo plazo de varios escenarios de implementación de las normas “ADPIC-Plus” acordadas en el CAFTA-DR sobre los precios y, consecuentemente, sobre el gasto nacional en medicamentos (y/o la reducción de su consumo). Igualmente, este estudio pretende contribuir al proceso de mitigación de tal impacto y servir de referencia de cara a otros procesos de negociación.</p>
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		<title>Access to Climate Change Technology by Developing&#160;Countries</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/58385/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/58385/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Jan 2010 11:18:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Andrew Aziz</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Digital Library]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Energy and Climate Change Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Publications]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Intellectual Property Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Issue paper]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Technology Transfer]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Technology and IPRs]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=58385</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[To view the Executive Summary, please click here.
Enhancing access to climate change technology by developing countries is a key element
of any effective international response to the global climate change challenge.
Since the Bali meeting, the role of intellectual property rights (IPRs) has been the subject of increased attention in climate change discussions on technology transfer. The [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>To view the <strong>Executive Summary</strong>, please click <a href="http://ictsd.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/access-to-climate-change-technologies-by-developing-countries-executive-summary1.pdf">here</a>.</p>
<p>Enhancing access to climate change technology by developing countries is a key element<br />
of any effective international response to the global climate change challenge.</p>
<p>Since the Bali meeting, the role of intellectual property rights (IPRs) has been the subject of increased attention in climate change discussions on technology transfer. The UNFCCC negotiating texts contain a widespectrum of options and proposals relating to IP which reflects a diversity of views on the subject.</p>
<p>In this context, this new ICTSD issue paper, <em>Access to Climate Change Technology by Developing Countries: A Practical Strategy by Cynthia Cannady</em> aims to contribute to these discussions by providing a much needed practical perspective on how these options and proposals would work “in the real world” and the extent to which they would effectively enable developing countries to gain greater access to climate change technologies.</p>
<p>The author, Cynthia Cannady, is founder of IP*SEVA, a law firm specializing in representation of sustainable energy technology ventures, and has extensive experience in technology licensing in addition to international policy work, as former director of the Intellectual Property and New Technologies Division at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).</p>
<p>This paper critically examines various approaches that have been suggested for facilitating access to climate change technology by developing countries, including compulsory licensing, patent pools, patent databases and structured voluntary licensing “mechanisms”. The paper details the practical problems facing these approaches to achieve the expected results for developing countries.</p>
<p>Instead, it  argues for a practical two-pronged strategy. The first prong is climate change technology innovation strategy (CCTIS), focusing on supporting climate change research and innovation <em>in developing countries by developing country scientists</em>. The second prong of the strategy is “win–win” development collaboration agreements for climate change technology between developed and developing country parties.</p>
<p>This paper was commissioned under the ICTSD Programme on IPRs and Sustainable Development as part of ICTSD’s Global Platform on Climate Change, Trade and Sustainable Energy, which is aimed specifically at contributing to effective international cooperation towards addressing climate change, by advancing analytical capacity of stakeholders and their interaction with policy-makers such that effective solutions can be built and agreed by the internationalcommunity at the Copenhagen COP-15, in December 2009.</p>
<p>The paper is available at <a href="http://ictsd.net/">http://ictsd.net/</a> and <a href="http://www.iprsonline.org/">http://www.iprsonline.org/</a></p>
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		<title>Encouraging International Technology&#160;Transfer</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/67944/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/67944/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 15 Jan 2010 10:49:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>sderksen</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Digital Library]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Energy and Climate Change Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Publications]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[IPRs]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Intellectual Property Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Issue paper]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Technology and IPRs]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=67944</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The international flow of technological information and its successful integration into domestic production and management processes are central to the ability of developing countries to compete in the global economy and to narrow the technological gaps they face compared to developed countries. Technological change is a principal source of sustained growth in living standards and [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The international flow of technological information and its successful integration into domestic production and management processes are central to the ability of developing countries to compete in the global economy and to narrow the technological gaps they face compared to developed countries. Technological change is a principal source of sustained growth in living standards and is essential for transformation and modernization of economic structures. In most instances developing countries find it heaper and faster to acquire foreign technologies than to develop them with domestic resources. One reason is that such technologies may &#8220;spill over&#8221; into wider improvements in productivity, generating a multiple benefit.</p>
<p>International technology  transfer (ITT) is a comprehensive term covering mechanisms for shifting information across borders and its effective diffusion into recipient economies. Thus, it refers to numerous complex processes, ranging from innovation and international marketing of technology to its absorption and imitation. Included in these processes are technology, trade, and investment policies that can affect the terms of access to knowledge. Policy making in this area is especially complex and needs careful consideration, both by individual countries and at the multilateral level.</p>
<p>International markets for exchanging technologies are inherently subject to failure for reasons discussed in this report. Accordingly, there is strong justification for public intervention. However, interests in shaping such intervention are not uniform. Technology developers, which to date reside overwhelmingly in developed countries, are interested in reducing the costs and uncertainty of making transfers, along with protecting their rights to profit from such transfers. They argue, with some justification, that effective protection and policy supports for markets are necessary to increase the willingness of innovative firms to provide knowledge of their production processes to firms in developing countries. Technology importers, still overwhelmingly in developing and least-developed countries, are interested in acquiring knowledge at minimal cost. Some observers argue that this objective is best met by refusing to protect the rights of foreign firms to profit from such transfers, or at least to restrict sharply their exclusive rights to exploit technology.</p>
<p>There is scope for mutually advantageous changes in policy regimes within these extremes. Thus, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) within the WTO reflects, in part, an important multilateral effort to address these fundamental tradeoffs. However, the Agreement is widely criticized as being overly protective of the needs of technology developers and insensitive to the needs of developing countries (Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, 2002; World Bank, 2001). As discussed later, TRIPS does not address itself in practical ways to issues of ITT, confining its language to general statements.</p>
<p>The TRIPS Agreement is not the only component of the WTO that affects conditions for ITT. Also relevant are the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), the Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS), the Agreement on Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary Standards (SPS), the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), and the Government Procurement Agreement. More generally, trade policy influences incentives for engaging in technology trade.</p>
<p>Neither is the WTO the only international format in which ITT is addressed. Bilateral investment treaties (BITS) and various preferential trade areas (PTAS) affect incentives and conditions for technology use and marketing.</p>
<p>The investment environment within individual recipient countries may be the most important factor of all. Put simply, because much ITT is mediated through private markets, those countries with inadequate investment climates and poor absorptive abilities are unlikely to receive much inward technology flows under any circumstances.</p>
<p>This report aims to shed light on some of the complexities involved in ITT in order to support positive  ecommendations for encouraging such flows to developing countries and least-developed countries. Its ultimate goal is to suggest an agenda within which individual and international policies may be structured for this purpose. In the next section I overview relevant theory and evidence on the nature and flows of ITT in order to understand the need for, and appropriate limitations on, public policy in this arena. Attention is paid  market problems, determinants of ITT, channels of transfer, and the scope for  spillovers.</p>
<p>Given the central role that intellectual property rights (IPRs) play, in section three I analyse their relationships with ITT. This provides a platform for discussing useful means of limiting the scope of exclusive rights, where such limitations might enhance ITT. However, the analysis also points up the difficulties of attaining benefits from this kind of precise industrial policy.</p>
<p>In the fourth section I turn to the WTO approach to ITT. After discussing the existing WTO provisions in this area I consider the policy options countries have in attracting technology, including regulation of IPRs. This analysis suggests a number of avenues that negotiators might pursue in improving TRIPS as regards incentives for technology trade.</p>
<p>In the final section I provide additional suggestions for multilateral policies that could encourage additional ITT. An important point is that the WTO approach is  not the only avenue for achieving this objective.</p>
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		<title>New Trends in Technology&#160;Transfer</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/67932/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/67932/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 15 Jan 2010 10:33:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>sderksen</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Digital Library]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Energy and Climate Change Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Publications]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Intellectual Property Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Issue paper]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Technology and IPRs]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=67932</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[This study addresses the issue of new trends in technology transfer and their implications for national and international policy. It is one further contribution of the ICTSD Programme on Intellectual Property Rights and Sustainable Development to a better understanding of the proper role of intellectual property in a knowledge-based economy. They objective of the study [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This study addresses the issue of new trends in technology transfer and their implications for national and international policy. It is one further contribution of the ICTSD Programme on Intellectual Property Rights and Sustainable Development to a better understanding of the proper role of intellectual property in a knowledge-based economy. They objective of the study is to explore how technology is transferred to developing countries and barriers that affect its transfer. To this end, it identifies policy approaches that might be of assistance in overcoming such barriers by addressing the flow of human resources, the flow of public-sector technology support, and the flow of private technology embodied in goods and services.</p>
<p>The premise of ICTSD’s work in this field, together with its joint project with UNCTAD, is based on the understanding that Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) have never been more economically and politically important or controversial than they are today. Patents, copyrights, trademarks, industrial designs, integrated circuits and geographical indications are frequently mentioned in discussions and debates on such diverse topics as public health, food security, education, trade, industrial policy, traditional knowledge, biodiversity, biotechnology, the Internet, and the entertainment and media industries. In a knowledge-based economy, there is no doubt that a better understanding of IPRs is indispensable to informed policy making in all areas of development.</p>
<p>Empirical evidence on the role of intellectual property protection in promoting innovation and growth remains inconclusive. Diverging views also persist on the impacts of IPRs to development prospects. Some point out that, in a modern economy, the minimum standards laid down in the WTO Agreement on Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) will bring benefits to developing countries by creating the incentive structure necessary for knowledge generation and diffusion, technology transfer and private investment flows. Others stress that intellectual property, especially some of its elements, such as the patenting regime, will adversely affect the pursuit of sustainable development strategies by: raising the prices of essential drugs to levels that are too high for the poor to afford; limiting the availability of educational materials for developing country school and university students; legitimising the piracy of traditional knowledge; and undermining the self-reliance of resource-poor farmers.</p>
<p>It is urgent, therefore, to ask the question: How can developing countries use Intellectual Property (IP) tools to advance their development strategy? What are the key concerns surrounding issues of IPRs for developing countries? What are the specific difficulties they face in intellectual property negotiations? Is intellectual property directly relevant to sustainable development and to the achievement of agreed international development goals? How can we facilitate technological flows among all countries? Do they have the capacity, especially the least developed among them, to formulate their negotiating positions and become wellinformed negotiating partners? These are essential questions that policy makers need to address in order to design IPR laws and policies that best meet the needs of their people and negotiate effectively in future agreements.</p>
<p>To address some of these questions, the ICTSD Programme on Intellectual Property and Sustainable Development was launched in July 2000. One central objective has been to facilitate the emergence of a critical mass of well-informed stakeholders in developing countries — including decision makers, negotiators and also the private sector and civil society — who will be able to define their own sustainable human development objectives in the field of IPRs and effectively advance them at the national and international levels.</p>
<p>We hope you will find this study a useful contribution to the debate on intellectual property and sustainable development and particularly on the adequate conceptual framework for technology transfer and dissemination to countries in their various stages of development.</p>
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