ICTSD » ICTSD Publications

Trade Policy Options for Enhancing Food Aid Effectiveness

nkisiri — Mon, 21 May 2012 12:23:54 +0000

This paper looks at how food aid could be made more effective, in the light of recent food price trends, and examines how different approaches could affect trade and development. The author argues in favour of establishing international rules that will provide a meaningful framework for ‘bona fide’ food aid.

可持续发展之能源贸易协定谈判的问题与思考

interns — Mon, 21 May 2012 04:11:54 +0000

对人类而言，气候变化为一项前所未见的挑战，须采取立即且一致的反应。因此，为有效减少温室气体的排放，必须快速且大规模地完成可更新及可持续资源的部署。

在此报告中，Hufbauer 及Jisun Kim两位作者将检视寻找可靠且低成本的化石燃料替代品之必要条件，着重探讨贸易政策如何有效提升发展成就，以及完成可持续能源贸易协定(SETA)过程中的几个主要议题。

此出版品由国际贸易及可持续发展中心(ICTSD)、全球绿色成长机构(GGI)以及彼得森国际经济研究所(PIIE)共同合作发行。

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贸易和气候变化多边谈判

interns — Thu, 17 May 2012 18:21:15 +0000

贸易被视为可有效减缓及适应气候变化的工具之一。联合国永续发展会议、联合国气候变化框架公约及世界贸易组织针对此议题已展开各种不同层级的协商。本报告作者将检视各项不同作业的优先顺序、各机构执掌范围以及相关发展中国家对此议题的考量及反应。

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Multilateral Negotiations at the Intersection of Trade and Climate Change

nkisiri — Mon, 14 May 2012 14:33:45 +0000

Trade can have an important role to play in the mitigation of, and adaptation to climate change.
The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) - are among those that have touched on this issue at various levels. The authors examine the various priorities and positions of these agencies and relevant developing country member concerns that have informed their responses.

Issues and Considerations for Negotiating a Sustainable Energy Trade Agreement

gpascolini — Mon, 14 May 2012 08:01:08 +0000

Climate change is an unprecedented challenge facing humanity today, one that requires a quick and concerted response. With this context in mind, a rapid scale up in the deployment of renewable or sustainable energy sources is essential in order to reduce the emissions responsible for global warming.

In this paper, Gary Hufbauer and Jisun Kim examine the conditions necessary for achieving a credible, low cost alternative to fossil fuel-based energy, placing an emphasis on how trade policy can be used to spur development in the sector, and the key issues that need to be addressed in order to accomplish a sustainable energy trade agreement (SETA).

This publication is a joint effort by ICTSD, the Global Green Growth Institute (GGI) and the Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE).

欧盟ETS纳入航空业之WTO法规层面分析

interns — Wed, 09 May 2012 04:50:03 +0000

此文在WTO法律文本下，将全面性评估欧盟航空业碳排交易体制。欧盟扩及ETS至航空业的决定已引起轩然大波。部分航空业者已于欧洲法庭对该立法提出反对，然而未能成功。此外，近30个国家亦研拟相关策略抵制欧盟之决议，部分国家更直接禁止国内航空业者遵循此规定。
以下相关问题将在此报告中被一并探讨，包括：设计一个行政部门可以有效执行，又能符合WTO法规的碳排交易体制是否可行? 将航空业纳入欧盟ETS是否违反关税总协定第1条第1款无条件最惠国待遇之义务? 该计画可否因服务贸易总协定关于航空运输服务之附件而免除立法? 该计画是否违反服务贸易总协定第2、17条关于最惠国待遇及国民待遇的义务? 该计画可否援引关税总协定第20条的环境保护例外条款，或服务贸易总协定第14条而获得其合法性?
为进一步将法律分析扩及至政治、策略运用层面，本研究报告亦同时摘录纽约大学法律学院Robert Howse教授之评论。

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俄罗斯入世后对农产品贸易及生产的影响

interns — Tue, 08 May 2012 04:44:29 +0000

此份研究报告主要检视俄罗斯加入世贸组织(WTO)后可能对农产品贸易及生产造成的影响。研究发现，发展中国家可以从俄罗斯加入WTO中获利，尤其是出口牛肉、猪肉或糖等产品的国家；此外，假若俄罗斯尊重对出口限制的新承诺，粮食进口国的市场亦会因而更加稳定。

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WTO的争端解决”发展中国家之经验”

interns — Mon, 07 May 2012 13:34:45 +0000

即使WTO具有一个潜在的强大争端解决机制，然而依然有许多发展中国家未能有效运用该机制。
本文将探讨近期出版的书籍，检视9个发展中国家在WTO争端解决程序里关于组织手法及执行层面所遭遇到的挑战、课题及策略运用。

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WTO Dispute Settlement: Developing Country Experiences

gpascolini — Wed, 02 May 2012 10:59:53 +0000

In spite of a potentially powerful dispute settlement mechanism at the WTO, many developing country members remain unable to take full advantage of the system. This information note draws on the findings of a recently published book examining the experiences of nine developing countries, illustrating the challenges, lessons, and strategies in organising and implementing dispute settlement proceedings at the WTO.

The Inclusion of Aviation in the EU ETS

nkisiri — Tue, 01 May 2012 14:56:06 +0000

This paper contains an assessment of the inclusion of aviation in the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) in the context of WTO law. The decision of the EU to apply the EU ETS to aviation has already raised substantial controversy. Several airlines have – unsuccessfully - pursued proceedings against the legislation at the European Court of Justice, and a group of almost 30 nations has been working together to develop a strategy to counter Brussels’ plan, with some governments having already prohibited their airlines from complying with the EU scheme.

The following questions are addressed in this paper: is it possible to design a carbon trading scheme that is both administratively feasible and justiﬁable under WTO law? Does the inclusion of aviation in the EU ETS violate the unconditional most-favoured nation obligation in Article I:1 GATT? Is the scheme exempt from regulation because of the GATS Annex on Air Transport Services? Does the scheme violate the most favoured nation and national treatment obligations under Articles II and XVII GATS? And can the scheme be justiﬁed under the environmental exceptions of Article XX GATT and Article XIV GATS, respectively?

In order to put this legal analysis in the context of a broader political and strategic landscape, this paper includes a commentary written by Professor Robert Howse of the New York University School of Law.