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	<title>ICTSD &#187; ICTSD Publications</title>
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	<link>http://ictsd.org</link>
	<description>International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development</description>
	<pubDate>Fri, 12 Mar 2010 16:35:10 +0000</pubDate>
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	<language>en</language>
			<item>
		<title>Aid for Trade and Climate Change Financing&#160;Mechanisms</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/71728/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/71728/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 08 Mar 2010 13:37:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Paolo Ghisu</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Aid for Trade Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Competitiveness and Development Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Global Platform on Climate Change]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Publications]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Issue paper]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=71728</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Aid for trade and climate change financing may be addressing similar objectives. If used in a complementary and reinforcing manner, they may help build the economic resilience and supply-side capacity LDCs need to adapt and mitigate climate change and link to the world economy on better terms. Climate change-related projects in agriculture, fisheries, and livestock [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Aid for trade and climate change financing may be addressing similar objectives. If used in a complementary and reinforcing manner, they may help build the economic resilience and supply-side capacity LDCs need to adapt and mitigate climate change and link to the world economy on better terms. Climate change-related projects in agriculture, fisheries, and livestock often have trade-related impacts and vice-versa. Both climate change and trade-related objectives could thus be addressed in a coherent way through the implementation of climate change financing mechanisms and aid for trade. A number of challenges that would need to be addressed, however, include governance issues related to current and future financial instruments: funds’ ‘additionality’, predictability, monitoring, and donors’ conditionality, among others.</p>
<p>This paper explores how climate change financing and aid for trade can address the climate change adaptation needs and specific supply-side constraints of African LDCs and small, vulnerable economies (SVEs) in a complementary and supportive manner.</p>
<p>The paper concludes that to make climate change financing and aid for trade complementary and mutually reinforcing, both African countries and donors need to recognize and specify the trade impacts of National Adaptation Plans of Action (NAPAs) projects and the climate change implications of aid for trade projects. Moreover, the analysis highlights that both NAPAs and Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) should be closely linked when designed, funded and implemented. A great deal of coherence will thus be required among African governments, private sector actors, members of civil society, and donors.</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>The Potential Role of Non-Traditional Donors’ Aid in&#160;Africa</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/71586/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/71586/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 04 Mar 2010 15:04:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Paolo Ghisu</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Aid for Trade Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Competitiveness and Development Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Publications]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Issue paper]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=71586</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[South-South cooperation is by no means a new phenomenon. Indeed, after a decline in the 1980s and 1990s South-South cooperation has regained momentum. China and India are the largest southern donors, but other developing countries like Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and South Africa have an important and increasing role in development assistance in Africa, as [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>South-South cooperation is by no means a new phenomenon. Indeed, after a decline in the 1980s and 1990s South-South cooperation has regained momentum. China and India are the largest southern donors, but other developing countries like Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and South Africa have an important and increasing role in development assistance in Africa, as well as in other developing countries.</p>
<p>Although the total size of the development assistance from these donors is still small in comparison to the traditional donors’ aid, its role is growing rapidly. Geographical proximity is a major determinant of the direction of most aid flows from the emerging economies. This pattern is mainly motivated by language and cultural similarities and opportunities for increasing trade and strengthening political relations. However, geographical proximity is not the only determinant, and southern donors, particularly China and India, are strengthening their ties with Africa as well as other developing countries. Development assistance is by no means the principal ingredient in South-South cooperation. Indeed, the latter is also largely made of trade and investment, tourism, and peace-keeping operations. Nonetheless, it is the most important element as it is used to facilitate the other flows.</p>
<p>The present Issue Paper challenges the perception that non-traditional aid lacks transparency and contains little or any conditionality thereby undermining the development efforts of ‘traditional’ donors. Moreover, this  paper examines the implications of the re-emergence of China, India, Brazil and South Africa as important ‘non-traditional’ donors to Africa on sustainable development and aid flows and governance.</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Resilience Amidst Rising&#160;Tides</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/71051/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/71051/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 24 Feb 2010 16:03:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Paolo Ghisu</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Climate Change]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Competitiveness and Development Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Digital Library]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Energy and Climate Change Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Environment and Natural Resources Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Publications]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Issue paper]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=71051</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The Caribbean is the most tourism-dependent region in the world. The sector is the greatest contributor of employment and Gross Domestic Product throughout most of the islands that comprise the archipelago. For these nations, tourism provides a source of foreign exchange and helps to stimulate other areas of the economy. The high dependence of the [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The Caribbean is the most tourism-dependent region in the world. The sector is the greatest contributor of employment and Gross Domestic Product throughout most of the islands that comprise the archipelago. For these nations, tourism provides a source of foreign exchange and helps to stimulate other areas of the economy. The high dependence of the Caribbean on the tourism sector makes these economies vulnerable to potential external shocks. Not only are these Small Island Developing States overly reliant on the income earned by the sector, but also on travellers from a limited number of countries (Unites States, the European Union and Canada). Thus, in order to safeguard the short and long term viability of this sector, Caribbean nations must delve into opportunities to encourage greater intra-regional travel, boost the demand for domestic vacations, seek for new tourism markets and develop alternative tourism products so as to mitigate or eliminate threats that can adversely affect the international competitiveness of the tourism sector.</p>
<p>Climate change forecasts suggest that the Caribbean is particularly vulnerable to the impact of global warming. Tourism and other key economic sectors such as fisheries and agriculture will be major impact-takers under climate change. To make those economies more resilient to climate change impacts and other exogenous shocks both mitigation and adaptation measures will have to be pursued in the tourism sector. Mitigation actions could reduce energy consumption by improving energy efficiency, increasing the use of renewable energy, and implementing carbon-offsetting strategies. Moreover, given the great interest and increasing demand for sustainable and eco-tourism, new business opportunities could emerge.</p>
<p>The present Issue Paper “Resilience Amidst Rising Tides” by Keron Niles, a Research Consultant, aims to deepen our understanding of the key mitigation and adaptation challenges the tourism sector faces in the Caribbean. Moreover, the study explores the issues at the interface of trade,  climate change, and sustainable development of concern and interests to Caribbean countries, with a focus on the competitiveness of the tourism sector. Indeed, trade policy has an important role to play in this context. Niles argues that through the potential liberalisation of environmental goods  and services (EGS), a few climate friendly technologies could be made available to decrease the Caribbean’s collective carbon footprint. Moreover, environmental services geared to reduce climate change vulnerability and foster resilience could be both imported and exported at the regional and international level.</p>
<p>Ultimately, the purpose of this paper is to foster an informed discussion among governments, private sector and civil society in order to search for plausible ways to address adaptation and mitigation challenges in the tourism sector and build resilience in the Caribbean.</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Hoja de ruta para el sector textil y de confecciones y el desarrollo sostenible en&#160;Nicaragua</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/70561/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/70561/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 17 Feb 2010 13:00:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Paolo Ghisu</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Competitiveness and Development Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Publications]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Working paper]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=70561</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Este documento expone lo que a juicio del equipo de investigación —y a través de discusiones con diversos actores del sector textil y confección— deberán ser los espacios que en materia comercial deben asegurarse en las actuales y futuras negociaciones comerciales en las que Nicaragua participe; algunas recomendaciones de carácter general y otras específicas para [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Este documento expone lo que a juicio del equipo de investigación —y a través de discusiones con diversos actores del sector textil y confección— deberán ser los espacios que en materia comercial deben asegurarse en las actuales y futuras negociaciones comerciales en las que Nicaragua participe; algunas recomendaciones de carácter general y otras específicas para el sector textil; la vinculación que existe entre las estrategias y los instrumentos planteados en el documento de estrategias (Burga,(2009), Estrategias para la reconversión de la industria textil y confecciones de en Guatemala y Nicaragua, ICTSD); el esquema de financiamiento disponible a través de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) para los países con obstáculos del lado de la oferta, titulado Ayuda para el Comercio; y finalmente las políticas estructurales que deben asegurarse para el desarrollo sostenible y equitativo del país a través del comercio.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>El sector textil y confección y el desarrollo sostenible en&#160;Nicaragua</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/70556/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/70556/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 17 Feb 2010 12:50:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Paolo Ghisu</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Competitiveness and Development Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Publications]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Issue paper]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=70556</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[La producción textil y confección en Nicaragua surgió a raíz de la liberalización unilateral de la economía y el fomento de la inversión extranjera directa (IED) de los años noventa. Rápidamente, Nicaragua se convirtió en destino para el establecimiento de maquilas de confección, principalmente, lo cual representó una fuente importante de empleo y dinamización de [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>La producción textil y confección en Nicaragua surgió a raíz de la liberalización unilateral de la economía y el fomento de la inversión extranjera directa (IED) de los años noventa. Rápidamente, Nicaragua se convirtió en destino para el establecimiento de maquilas de confección, principalmente, lo cual representó una fuente importante de empleo y dinamización de las exportaciones nicaragüenses.</p>
<p>En 2007, la industria textil y vestuario exportadora nicaragüense, empleó al 5% de la Población Económicamente Activa (PEA) del país entre 15 y 69 años, sin incluir los puestos de trabajo generados por las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas nacionales que producen para el mercado interno, así como los creados por unidades de negocio de tipo informal.</p>
<p>En Nicaragua, el sector textil y confección está conformado por microempresas formales (81%), empresas de zona franca (19%) y algunas empresas medianas. Sin embargo, las empresas de zona franca generan el 99.4% de las exportaciones del sector. Actualmente, setenta y dos empresas grandes exportan en su mayoría “paquete completo”, 337 microempresas formales producen para el mercado local y existen cientos de empresas informales.</p>
<p>No obstante, la desconexión entre el sector exportador y las pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYMEs) ha limitado los encadenamientos productivos, así como la creación de clusters donde, entre otras cosas, se fomente la innovación y el valor agregado. Adicionalmente, la inexistencia de un puerto en el Atlántico y la falta de abastecimiento de accesorios y servicios en  Nicaragua, restan competitividad al sector.</p>
<p>El presente estudio realizado por Ana Victoria Portocarrero, del Instituto de Investigación Aplicada y Desarrollo Local NITLAPAN, provee un diagnóstico exhaustivo del sector textil y confección en Nicaragua desde una perspectiva de desarrollo sostenible. Dicho estudio fungió como insumo para la identificación de estrategias de reconversión del sector textil y confección en Nicaragua por parte de Eduardo Burga, publicadas en un estudio por el ICTSD como parte de este proyecto.</p>
<p>El análisis concluye que para lograr una reconversión del sector textil y confección en Nicaragua desde una visión de desarrollo sostenible una serie de políticas sociales, económicas y ambientales deberán ser dirigidas para desarrollar, entre otras cosas, capacidades del lado de la oferta, promover los encadenamientos productivos entre el capital micro, pequeño, mediano y grande, fomentar el valor de la producción, mejorar las condiciones laborales y ambientales y fortalecer el conocimiento y las capacidades técnicas de las y los trabajadores del sector textil y confección.</p>
<p>Actualmente algunas iniciativas de producción orgánica y más limpia, así como ejemplos puntuales pero innovadores en cuanto a marcos de cooperación entre PYMEs y empresas exportadoras, podrían guiar la discusión sobre nuevos y diversos caminos hacia una reconversión del sector que tome en cuenta los actuales desafíos económicos, sociales y ambientales en el marco de una estrategia de desarrollo nacional y regional a largo plazo.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>El sector textil y confección y el desarrollo sostenible en&#160;Guatemala</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/70541/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/70541/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 17 Feb 2010 12:00:45 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Paolo Ghisu</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Competitiveness and Development Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Publications]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Issue paper]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=70541</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[La industria textil y confección en Guatemala ha sido un eje económico central a nivel local, regional y nacional. Hasta mediados de los años ochenta, el sector se encontraba orientado casi exclusivamente hacia la producción nacional y centroamericana. Sin embargo, a partir de esa época el modelo de desarrollo cambió –de la sustitución de importaciones [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>La industria textil y confección en Guatemala ha sido un eje económico central a nivel local, regional y nacional. Hasta mediados de los años ochenta, el sector se encontraba orientado casi exclusivamente hacia la producción nacional y centroamericana. Sin embargo, a partir de esa época el modelo de desarrollo cambió –de la sustitución de importaciones a la promoción de exportaciones– como resultado de los regímenes especiales para incentivar la exportación y de las propias tendencias y presiones de la globalización.</p>
<p>En Guatemala, el sector textil y confección cuenta con una importante participación del capital nacional y extranjero. No obstante, esta industria experimenta una alta concentración de mercado dado que el 88% de las exportaciones tienen como destino los EE.UU, así como la presencia de dos subsectores: uno enfocado en la producción nacional formado por pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYMEs) y otro volcado hacia las exportaciones formado por empresas grandes.</p>
<p>Aunque ambos sectores se relacionan de manera directa e indirecta, no existen políticas que fomenten los encadenamientos productivos o clusters en donde se fomente el intercambio de conocimientos, la innovación, la transferencia tecnológica, entre otros. Por otro lado, los altos costos de la energía eléctrica, los problemas de seguridad en el país, así como el contrabando afectan de manera directa a ambos subsectores. En el marco de la crisis económica global y las presiones competitivas de los países asiáticos, el sector textil y confección guatemalteco deberá generar estrategias de reconversión a fin de sortear los actuales desafíos económicos, sociales y ambientales que enfrenta el sector y el país.</p>
<p>El presente estudio realizado por Pedro Prado, Violeta Hernández, Marcelo Coj, Italia Pineda y Erick Ventura, de la Asociación de Investigación y Estudios Sociales (ASIES) y el Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales (IDIES), provee una caracterización del sector textil y confección guatemalteco desde una perspectiva de desarrollo sostenible. Al igual que en el caso de Nicaragua, dicho diagnóstico fungió como insumo para la identificación de estrategias de reconversión del sector textil y confección en Nicaragua por parte de Eduardo Burga, publicadas en un estudio por el ICTSD como parte de este proyecto.</p>
<p>De este análisis se destila que Guatemala cuenta con una serie de capacidades productivas, académicas y empresariales establecidas para avanzar de manera más significativa hacia una producción de paquete completo o paquete rápido (menor volumen, mayor rapidez en la entrega) que genere importantes encadenamientos con el capital nacional pequeño, mediano y grande, continúe el fomento a la producción de tejido de punto que requiere de conocimiento y maquinaria más sofisticadas e integre en su quehacer una visión de desarrollo sostenible. El rol del estado, el sector privado y la sociedad civil será crucial para asegurar una reconversión efectiva y sostenible del sector</p>
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		<item>
		<title>The Importance of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures to Fisheries Negotiations in Economic Partnership&#160;Agreements</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/69789/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/69789/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 04 Feb 2010 15:18:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Paolo Ghisu</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[CEMAC]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[COMESA]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Caribbean]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Digital Library]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[EAC / ESA]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ECOWAS / UEMOA]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[EPAs]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[EU]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Environment and Natural Resources Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Fisheries]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Publications]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Issue paper]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Pacific]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[SADC]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=69789</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Sanitary and phytosanitary standards (SPS) have become an increasingly important topic of debate in international trade. These SPS measures are a major cause of market access concern for many developing countries, even beyond tariff barriers in certain sectors such as fisheries. This is due to the complexity in number and nature of food safety requirements [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Sanitary and phytosanitary standards (SPS) have become an increasingly important topic of debate in international trade. These SPS measures are a major cause of market access concern for many developing countries, even beyond tariff barriers in certain sectors such as fisheries. This is due to the complexity in number and nature of food safety requirements that countries have to meet in order to access the European Union (EU) and other global markets and the capacity of developing countries to comply with such requirements.</p>
<p>Indeed, many countries from Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP) have inadequate human, financial or technical resources to meet the required standards of food safety. The Global Financial Crisis has placed further restrictions on developing countries’ ability to raise funds to upgrade their food safety capabilities. This aspect is seen as particularly relevant in view of the potential negative impact of climate change on fisheries through the introduction and spread of new diseases to fish, and changes in their traditional operating environment.</p>
<p>This study seeks to examine those challenges and to contemplate possible policy responses. It argues that the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) between the European Union and ACP countries represent an opportunity to achieve solutions to several problem areas associated with EU SPS requirements. The importance of addressing SPS concerns in the fisheries sector cannot be overemphasized given that the EU accounts for 75 percent of ACP fisheries exports.</p>
<p>Moreover, fisheries are a key source of employment, export revenue and food security for many ACP countries. Internationally, fisheries are one of the few areas where their share of world trade is increasing. Consequently, if the impact of some of the SPS ‘barriers’ were reduced, it could facilitate a further potential expansion of this sector. This paper suggests that in this light, SPS can quite properly be viewed as a tool of development for the purposes of the EPAs, and therefore merits funding on this count alone.</p>
<p>In considering what might usefully be achieved within the framework of rule-making under the Economic Partnership Agreements, consideration is also given to the World Trade Organization SPS Agreement and some of the ambiguities that the SPS Agreement poses in this respect.</p>
<p>Finally, this paper sets out a number of recommendations for consideration by the EPA negotiators. These cover both specific textual wordings dealing with the SPS Agreement ambiguities, capacity building, and the need for regional institutions and regional approaches to the problem, as pests and diseases do not respect political boundaries. Some other recommendations are also made, which whilst relating to SPS issues, have a broader development objective.</p>
<p>This paper is part of ICTSD’s project on fisheries, trade and sustainable development, which aims to foster an inclusive and informed process for crafting multilateral, regional and domestic trade rules and policies in the fisheries sector that are supportive of sustainable development.</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Trade, Climate Change and Sustainable&#160;Development</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/68995/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/68995/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 29 Jan 2010 12:05:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>sderksen</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Competitiveness and Development Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Digital Library]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Energy and Climate Change Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Books]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Publications]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=68995</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[If you are interested in this book, please order it here.
The purpose of this publication is to deepen the understanding of policy-makers and other stakeholders of the major issues and challenges that least developed countries (LDCs), small and vulnerable economies (SVEs) and small island developing states (SIDS) face with respect to the interface between trade and climate [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://ictsd.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/book.jpg"><img class="size-medium wp-image-69006 alignleft" style="border: 10px solid white;" title="book" src="http://ictsd.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/book.jpg" alt="" width="99" height="145" /></a>If you are interested in this book, please order it <a href="http://publications.thecommonwealth.org/trade--climate-change-and-sustainable-development-776-p.aspx">here</a>.</p>
<p>The purpose of this publication is to deepen the understanding of policy-makers and other stakeholders of the major issues and challenges that least developed countries (LDCs), small and vulnerable economies (SVEs) and small island developing states (SIDS) face with respect to the interface between trade and climate change. Previous work in this field has focused largely in the concerns of developed countries and large developing countries such as Brazil, India and China. Yet, for small economies, the inter-relationship between trade and climate change is likely to have significant development implications.</p>
<p>LDCs, SVEs and SIDS are amongst the countries most vulnerable to climate change. Not only do many face amongst the most severe physical impacts from climate change - often in the form of too much water, or too little - but they also have economies that are particularly sensitive to climatic variation, since these are based in the natural environment and dominated by agriculture, fisheries, forestry and tourism. Furthermore, countries in this group are amongst the most open and trade-dependent economies in the world. Many are remote from major markets, being either island or landlocked countries, and face high transportation costs. They also face deep institutional and human resource capacity constraints in formulating and institutionalising effective pre-emptive and response measures to climate change and climate change policies.</p>
<p>The study that this book presents was carried out under the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development&#8217;s (ICTSD) Global Platform on Climate Change, Trade and Sustainable Energy. It was implemented by the Commonwealth Secretariat in response to the Lake Victoria Commonwealth Climate Change Action Plan, agreed by Commonwealth Heads of Government in Uganda in November 2007.</p>
<p>The study, in draft form, was considered at a Multi-stakeholder Dialogue on Trade and Climate Change: Key Issues for Developing Countries, which was held in Mauritius in September 2008. The meeting was hosted by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development of Mauritius and involved researchers involved in the project, regional bodies, the private sector and government officials from Africa, the Caribbean and Pacific. There was also strong representation from within Mauritius across a range of sectors. Some of the policy-oriented conclusions drawn out by the stakeholder dialogue are included in this volume. They indicated a rich programme of work that has still to be developed and implemented to address current development concerns of LDCs, SVEs and SIDS in respect to trade and climate change issues.</p>
<p>The papers in this volume comprehensively cover the trade and climate change concerns of LDCs, SVEs and SIDS, looking at the impact of climate change on key trade sectors, including agriculture, fisheries and tourism, and exploring the needs of these most vulnerable countries with respect to transport and access ro clean, efficient and renewable sources of energy for development, and technologies that will support more sustainable forms of production and livelihoods into the future.</p>
<p>The book highlights some of the most immediate concerns of LDCs, SVEs and SIDS in respect of trade and climate change issues, but the implication of the analysis this volume presents is also that there need to be a transformation of trade policy approaches, at the national and international levels, to support a diversification away from trade sectors that are highly vulnerable to climate change, and to better support economic competitiveness, low-carbon development and poverty reduction in the most vulnerable countries in the world.</p>
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		<title>Revisiting Regional Trade Agreements and Their Impact on Services&#160;Trade</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/68965/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/68965/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 29 Jan 2010 10:26:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Tamara Asamoah</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Digital Library]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[EPAs]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Publications]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Issue paper]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[RTAs]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://ictsd.org/?p=68965</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[This issue paper, titled &#8220;Revisiting Regional Trade Agreements and Their Impact on Services Trade&#8221; written by Mr. Mario Marconini, is a contribution to that process. The paper exhaustively reviews services disciplines included in several Federal Trade Agreements (FTA). The aim of the paper is to enable stakeholders to understand how rules and commitments regarding trade in [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This issue paper, titled &#8220;Revisiting Regional Trade Agreements and Their Impact on Services Trade&#8221; written by Mr. Mario Marconini, is a contribution to that process. The paper exhaustively reviews services disciplines included in several Federal Trade Agreements (FTA). The aim of the paper is to enable stakeholders to understand how rules and commitments regarding trade in services have been introduced in FTAs, and how those policies might impact sustainable development in developing countries.<br />
The paper starts by examining the main models used for agreements on services disciplines, namely the approaches deployed by the North American Free Trade Agreements (NAFTA), the WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and the EU in form of the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs). Unlike already existing research, this analysis goes beyond a discussion of the different mechanisms for liberalization (i.e. the negative and positive approach) thus introducing new groundbreaking research on services provisions in FTAs.<br />
With reference to the 3 models for services disciplines, the paper continues with an in depth analysis of different provisions contained in the services chapters. Among others, the analysis addresses scope and coverage, Non-discrimination, market access, domestic regulation, mutual recognition and cooperation.<br />
In the light of the great importance of services trade for developing countries, concluding chapters complement the technical analysis with a discussion on the interaction of services disciplines and development objectives including the crucial aspects of free movement of capital and labour. The main conclusion of the paper is that the incorporation of services disciplines in FTAs has thus far delivered little either in terms of liberalization or in terms of development. Rather services agreements tend to bind the status quo. Regional agreements have also fallen in short of achieving progress in matters that were supposedly better tailored for preferential agreements and have not been included in the multilateral trading regime - such as mutual recognition. Coequally, the co-habitation of FTAs covering services and the GATS seems to have been accepted by the international trade community. In any case, the difficulty for developing countries is less the choice of forum than the identification of their specific interest in services negotiations. The fact that some agreements may include development provisions is no guarantee that the individual country interests are adequately contemplated.<br />
We hope that this paper, together with the others in this series on preferential trade agreements, will facilitate the task of identifying domestic interests and suitable legal framework for achieving those, while helping to promote a better understanding of the workings of RTAs and how the deals interact with the multilateral trading system and development objectives.</p>
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		<title>New Book: Medicamentos y propiedad&#160;intelectual</title>
		<link>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/68155/</link>
		<comments>http://ictsd.org/i/publications/68155/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 29 Jan 2010 09:48:55 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Tamara Asamoah</dc:creator>
		
		<category><![CDATA[Case study]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Digital Library]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[FTAs]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Health]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[ICTSD Publications]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Intellectual Property Programme]]></category>

		<category><![CDATA[Regional and Bilateral Trade Agreements]]></category>

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En los últimos años, los acuerdos de libre comercio entre países desarrollados, especialmente Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea, y países en vías de desarrollo han aumentado rápidamente. En su mayoría, dichos acuerdos [...]]]></description>
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<p>En los últimos años, los acuerdos de libre comercio entre países desarrollados, especialmente Estados Unidos y la Unión Europea, y países en vías de desarrollo han aumentado rápidamente. En su mayoría, dichos acuerdos han incluido normas y capítulos específicos sobre la propiedad intelectual que van más allá de los estándares mínimos establecidos en el acuerdo sobre los aspectos de los derechos de propiedad intelectual relacionados con el comercio (ADPIC). Estas normas han sido denominadas como “ADPIC-plus”. Dependiendo de su contenido, dichas normas pueden afectar las flexibilidades y excepciones incorporadas en el ADPIC a fin de salvaguardar objetivos de salud pública como el acceso a los medicamentos.</p>
<p>Dentro del campo de la salud pública, las normas “ADPIC-plus” pueden llegar a afectar los precios y la oferta de medicamentos y por ende su acceso en países en desarrollo, especialmente  los más pobres. Asimismo, estas normas podrían interferir a grandes rasgos con la competencia tanto a nivel de la producción como de la distribución de medicamentos.</p>
<p>Muchos países en desarrollo han adquirido mayores obligaciones internacionales en materia de propiedad intelectual como moneda de cambio para consolidar preferencias comerciales existentes o aumentar el acceso de sus productos agrícolas e industriales. En algunos casos, estas obligaciones han sido incluso interpretadas como necesarias para la consolidación de reformas en curso, la modernización de la economía, y la imagen “positiva” de país que, según algunos actores, la subscrición de acuerdos comerciales adjudica.</p>
<p>Sin embargo, los beneficios comerciales esperados de la adhesión e implementación de las normas “ADPIC-Plus” han estado en su mayoría basados en valoraciones subjetivas y/o consideraciones políticas más que en evaluaciones empíricas que determinen con mayor precisión los posibles costos y beneficios.</p>
<p>Como consecuencia de esta tendencia y, en particular dadas las preocupaciones manifestadas por agentes sociales vinculados con el acceso a medicamentos, se planteó la necesidad de realizar evaluaciones empíricas sobre el impacto de las normas “ADPIC-plus”. Una de las metodologías elaboradas para la evaluación de este tipo de impacto es el Modelo Agregado de Evaluación del Impacto de los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual, generado y promovido inicialmente con apoyo de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud en el año 2005. Este modelo fue revisado y corregido en una reunión de expertos organizada por el Centro Internacional para el Comercio y Desarrollo Sostenible (ICTSD, por sus siglas en inglés), la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), el Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) y, el Instituto del Banco Mundial (IBM) en mayo de 2008.</p>
<p>Hasta ahora, un número limitado de estudios de impacto ha sido realizado usando el Modelo Agregado de Evaluación del Impacto para determinar los efectos de las normas “ADPIC-plus” en el mercado farmacéutico de Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, India y Tailandia. Estos estudios han permitido generar insumos sobre el nivel de impacto en materia de precios, gasto público, consumo y competencia. A medida que más países en desarrollo han comenzado y en algunos casos finalizado nuevas negociaciones comerciales, la aplicación de la metodología revisada ofrece indicaciones útiles para evaluar intercambios en las negociaciones comerciales en curso. Por otro lado, provee una idea de los costos que se generarán como consecuencia de estos compromisos, su implementación, así como la mitigación de los impactos sociales.</p>
<p>Es bajo este contexto que en el Diálogo Regional Centroamericano de Propiedad Intelectual y de Desarrollo Sostenible  organizado por el ICTSD y co-patrocinado por la UNCTAD, el instituto del Banco Mundial, la CEPAL y el CINPE en mayo de 2006 y con vistas a la negociación y futura implementación del Acuerdo de Cooperación Económica entre los Estados Unidos, Centroamérica, y República Dominicana (US-CAFTA-DR, por sus siglas en inglés), que el ICTSD recibió solicitudes de varios países de la región para que se realizasen evaluaciones nacionales de impacto de normas de propiedad intelectual como consecuencia de este futuro acuerdo sobre el mercado farmacéutico de la región. Dos casos piloto fueron seleccionados: Costa Rica y República Dominicana.</p>
<p>A fin de generar mayor precisión en la evaluación de impacto y de mejorar las opciones de implementación y mitigación de este acuerdo, el ICTSD y la Fundación Plenitud, prepararon el presente estudio piloto titulado “Estimación del impacto de los nuevos estándares de propiedad intelectual en el precio de los medicamentos en la República Dominicana”. Este estudio consiste en una aplicación del Modelo Agregado de Evaluación de Impacto revisado en 2008. El estudio piloto constituye un útil instrumento para evaluar el efecto a futuro de ciertas normas de propiedad intelectual.  En este sentido, el propósito de la aplicación de este modelo es determinar el impacto a largo plazo de las normas “ADPIC-Plus” acordadas en el US-CAFTA-DR sobre los precios y, consecuentemente, sobre el gasto nacional en medicamentos (y/o la reducción de su consumo). Igualmente, este estudio pretende contribuir al proceso de mitigación de tal impacto y servir de referencia de cara a otros procesos de negociación.</p>
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